Implicit Bias What It Means and How It Affects Behavior

An implicit bias is any unconsciously-held set of associations about  a social group. Implicit biases can  result in the attribution of particular qualities to all individuals from that group, also known as stereotyping. Implicit biases are the product of learned associations and social conditioning. They often  begin at a young age, and most people are unaware that they hold them. Importantly, these biases do not necessarily align with personal identity. Its possible to unconsciously associate positive or negative  traits with one’s own race, gender, or background. The Implicit Association Test Social psychologists Mahzarin Banaji and Tony Greenwald first coined the term implicit bias in the 1990s. In 1995, they published their theory of implicit social cognition, which asserted that  individuals social behavior and biases are largely related to unconscious, or implicit, judgments. The term grew in popularity in 1998, when Banaji and Greenwald developed the well-known Implicit Association Test (IAT) to confirm their hypothesis. The IAT test assessed the strength of unconscious biases through a computer program. Subjects were asked to observe a screen that displayed a  series of faces from different racial backgrounds and a series of positive and negative words. Researchers told the subjects to click on the positive words when they saw a face from racial background X, and the negative words when they saw a face from racial background Y. Then, they reversed the association and had subjects repeat the process.   The researchers argued that clicking more quickly meant that the subject had a greater unconscious association. In other words, quickly clicking happy when viewing a certain face meant that the individual had a close unconscious association between the positive trait and the race. A slower click time means that the individual had more difficulty associating that the positive trait with the race. Over time, the IAT has been replicated successfully in multiple subsequent trials, demonstrating its efficacy in proving implicit bias. In addition to racial bias, the test has also been used successfully to assess implicit bias related to gender and sexual orientation. Effects of Implicit Bias Holding an implicit bias towards a particular social group can determine how you treat an individual from that group.  Implicit biases affect human behavior  throughout society, including in classrooms, workplaces, and the legal system. Effects in the Classroom Implicit bias  affects how teachers treat students in the classroom. Research conducted by the Yale Child Study Center found that black children, particularly black boys, are more likely to be expelled and suspended from preschool for challenging behavior than white children. The research also found that, when primed to look for such challenging behavior, teachers tended to look longer at black children, particularly boys. The results suggested that implicit racial bias affects educational access and achievement in the classroom. Implicit bias results in an effect called stereotype threat, which occurs when  an individual internalizes negative stereotypes about a group to which they belong. Researchers demonstrated this effect through a standardized test study. Black and white college students with similar SAT scores were given a 30-minute college-level standardized test. Half of the students were told that the test measured intelligence, while the other group was told that the test was a problem-solving activity that did not correspond to ability. In the first group, black students performed less well than their white peers; in the second group, black students performance was equal to that of their white peers. The researchers concluded that the first group had been affected by stereotype threat when the researchers stated that the test measured intelligence. Similar results have also been found when comparing female and male performance on math exams. Effects in the Workplace Although explicit forms of workplace discrimination are banned in most developed countries, implicit bias plays a significant role in the professional world. Studies have shown that identical resumes  receive a different number of callbacks depending on the name at the top of the document. Across all industries, resumes with a name commonly associated with black individuals received fewer callbacks than those with names associated with white individuals.  Comparable implicit bias has also been shown in relation to gender and age. Effects in the Legal System Implicit bias has a significant impact on the legal system. Evidence suggests that black defendants are more likely to be treated harshly in the courtroom than white defendants. Prosecutors are more likely to charge black defendants and less likely to offer them plea bargains. Plea bargains offered to white defendants tend to be more generous than those offered to black or Latino defendants. Furthermore, juries are more likely to exhibit bias against defendants of a race different from the racial background of the majority of the jury. IAT tests have shown implicit associations between the words black and guilty. Implicit Bias vs. Racism Implicit bias and racism are related concepts, but they do not have the same meaning. Implicit bias is an unconsciously held set of associations about a particular group. Racism is prejudice against individuals from a specific racial group and can be either explicit or implicit. Implicit bias can lead to implicitly racist behavior, like when a teacher disciplines black children more harshly than white children, but many individuals harbor implicit biases without ever displaying overt racism. By becoming aware of our own implicit biases and actively resisting them, we can avoid perpetuating harmful racist stereotypes and prejudices.   Sources Anselmi, Pasquale, et al. â€Å"Implicit Sexual Attitude of Heterosexual, Gay and Bisexual Individuals: Disentangling the Contribution of Specific Associations to the Overall Measure.† PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 11, 2013, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078990.Correll, Shelley, and Stephen Benard. â€Å"Gender and Racial Bias in Hiring.† Penn Office of the Provost, University of Pennsylvania, 21 Mar. 2006, provost.upenn.edu/uploads/media_items/gender-racial-bias.original.pdf.Greenwald, Anthony G, et al. â€Å"Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test.† Journal of Personality and Soclal Psychology, vol. 74, no. 6, 1998, pp. 1464–1480., faculty.washington.edu/agg/pdf/Gwald_McGh_Schw_JPSP_1998.OCR.pdf.â€Å"How The Concept Of Implicit Bias Came Into Being.† NPR, National Public Radio, Inc., 17 Oct. 2016, www.npr.org/2016/10/17/498219482/how-the-concept-of-implicit-bias-came-into-being.Kang, Jerry Bennett, Mark Carbado , Devon Casey, Pamela Dasgupta, Nilanjana Faigman, David D. Godsil, Rachel G. Greenwald, Anthony Levinson, Justin Mnookin, Jennifer.. â€Å"Implicit Bias in the Courtroom.† UCLA Law Review, vol 59, no. 5, February 2012, pp. 1124-1186. ResearchGate,  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256016531_Implicit_Bias_in_the_CourtroomPayne, Keith. â€Å"How to Think about ‘Implicit Bias.’† Scientific American, Macmillan Publishers Ltd, 27 Mar. 2018, www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-think-about-implicit-bias/.â€Å"Stereotype Threat Widens Achievement Gap.† American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, 15 July 2006, www.apa.org/research/action/stereotype.aspx.White, Michael J., and Gwendolen B. White. â€Å"Implicit and Explicit Occupational Gender Stereotypes.† Sex Roles, vol. 55, no. 3-4, Aug. 2006, pp. 259–266., doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9078-z.Wittenbrink, Bernd, et al. â€Å"Evidence for Racial Prejudice at the Implicit Level and Its Relationship with Questionnaire Measures.† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 72, no. 2, Feb. 1997, pp. 262–274. PsychInfo, American Psychological Association, psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.262.Young, Yolanda. â€Å"Teachers Implicit Bias against Black Students Starts in Preschool, Study Finds.† The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 4 Oct. 2016, www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/04/black-students-teachers-implicit-racial-bias-preschool-study. Guardian Media Group

Analysis Of The Book I Ain t Preachin - 872 Words

Passage and Page Number: I ain t preachin no more much. The sperit ain t in the people much no more; and worse n that, the sperit ain t in me no more. Course now an again the sperit gets movin an I rip out a meetin , or when folks sets out food, I give em a grace, but my heart ain t in it. I on y do it cause they expect it. pg.27 Reference: When Tom Joad sees Jim Casy as he walks to the Joad ranch after being dropped off from the truck, he asks Jim Casy if he preaches anymore because he remembers Jim Casy as a preacher. Jim Casy says he does not preach anymore because he does not believe in God. After he went into the forest and rediscovered more about life, he changed the way. Jim Casy has moved on from what he used to do to a new understanding to religion and life. Commentary: This passage is very significant in knowing where Jim Casy is coming from. This passage also shows that after Jim Casy went into the forest, he became a changed man. He begins to represent the prophet and leads the Joad family spiritually. He finds his own definition of spirituality and somewhat represents transcendentalism. His philosophy is different from what the Christianity is and he decides not to be a preacher anymore. Through his teachings throughout the novel, he has become a spiritual guide for the Joad family as they head west to California. His philosophy is also similar to the other new variations to the Christianity where Mormons for example have their own

The Effect of Social Networking Sites to the Academic...

A STUDY ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES TO A STUDENT’S ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE Kurt Jonas L. Adonis Errol A. Buenaventura Researchers Mrs. Marilyn S. Roque Marcelo H. del Pilar National High School December 2013 Acknowledgement We would like to acknowledge our former teacher in research Mrs. Kathyryn Alvarez for teaching us the basics of research. Without her, we would not know anything about research. We would also like to acknowledge our current teacher in research Mrs. Marilyn Roque for guiding us in our research and for teaching us additional information about research. We would like to thank her for giving us enough time for our research. Abstract The†¦show more content†¦This study will help you know if social networking sites help students in achieving their goals or if they only slow them down. B. Background of the study When theses social networking sites became popular, many people used it including adults and teenagers. The reason why these sites became popular is because of their special features like communication through the internet, games that can be played and also meeting someone without actual communication. Examples of the social networking sites are Facebook, Twitter, Friendster, Tumblr, Omegle and many more. The said examples leading users are teenagers who are also students. We decided to make this research because the students that are using social networking sites might become addicted and their attention for studying might be used for using these social networking sites. C. Significance of the Study The purpose of study is to assess the effect of social networking sites on students’ academic performance and student’s behaviour. The variables that determine the use of social networking sites as the independent variable and the dependent variables are students’ academic performance and student’s behaviour. 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Oecd Oecd Development Economic Growth - 1335 Words

OECD Development Economic Growth IN Australia ABSTRACT: Organization for Economic Co-operation (OECD) was established in 1961. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is one of the biggest reliable sources of economic, statistical and social data. OECD works with government to share experience of different situation and seek solutions to common problems that the country can overcome the barrier. They research and analyze the country economy, social, environmental changes and gather all data from various sources as much can compare those data for future trends as can predict. Australia has been an active member with OECD since 1971 and ranking of†¦show more content†¦Australian economy is booming and faces a main short –term outlook. Australia has a three speed or multi-speed economy that means three different sources makes build the economy strong. Western Australia holds the nation strongest economy growth compared to other states in Australia. â€Å"Australia long period of uninterrupted economic growth makes it the Iron Man among the OECD countries† said OECD secretary General Angel Gurria . the table is given below the economic comparison chart with different countries . Figure: 2 The table illustrates that Australia is fastest growing economic compare to others countries. Unemployment rate is lesser than AA countries. In addition, inflation rate is higher than more countries but still lower than 3%. However Australia current account balance is expected to deteriorate. It probably can impact number of factors such as growing investment, mining, imports , trade and interest rate on external borrowing. OECD thinks Australia needs to improve Australia’s tax system and macroeconomic polices. The average income worker in Australia confront a tax burden in terms of their income 27.4% tax wedge in 2013 compared to OECD average of 35.9%. Here is given below the overview charts for Australia: †¢ Between 2000 and 2013, the tax burden single average income decreased of 3.6 percentages from 31.0%. †¢ The corresponding figures for OECD was reduced by 0.8 % from 2000 to 2013 but also increased 0.8% between

Symbolism in “A Rose for Emily” by William Faulkner Free Essays

Abel Girma Mr. Lucky English Language and Literature IB Y1 04 September 2012 Word Count: 1087 The Consciousness of Symbolism in â€Å"A Rose For Emily† â€Å"Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron-gray hair† read the last lines of â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, a short story written by the American author and Nobel Prize laureate William Faulkner, published in 1931. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner or any similar topic only for you Order Now These last words put a shocking and rather disturbing end to this piece depicting the strange life of Emily Grierson, and her obdurate refusal to adapt to changes in her life, living in her own non-transforming world. Various symbols are used throughout the text although Faulkner did not use any kind of conscious symbolism. The validity of this claim lies in his Nobel Prize in Literature acceptance speech, his biography and his interview on the meaning of â€Å"A rose for Emily†. Emily Grierson is portrayed as â€Å"A fallen monument† from the very beginning of the story as the narrator starts to describe the ceremonial procedures following her death. Soon after, her home, a â€Å"house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies. † (Section I of â€Å"A Rose for Emily) Is adjacently undermined as â€Å"an eyesore among eyesores † (Section I of â€Å"A Rose for Emily), invaded by the deteriorating and industrialized neighborhood that used to be an illustriously reputed neighborhood in the 1970s. This is a fine example of symbolism used in the text as it gives an inkling of the stubbornness in which Emily, a southern woman has lived her life cleaved to the past and immersed in old southern traditions. Similarly, the â€Å"Rose† in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a thought-provoking symbol due to the fact that it is never mentioned throughout the totality of the story. The interpretations of the â€Å"Rose† are unbounded and debatable. It can be understood as being a rose of sympathy Faulkner would like to dedicate to Emily for she had lived an undeniably grim life of solitude and misery. It can equally be interpreted as a rose representing the love Emily desperately needed in her life but never truly found, seeing as a rose generally symbolizes love in most cultures. Likewise, another shock kindling and incontestably pivotal symbol in the story is confined within the last sentence, â€Å"the long strand of iron-gray hair†. These last words reveal the gruesome moral depravity in which Emily lived a great part of her life, sleeping beside the decaying corpse of Homer, the first potential true-love in Emily’s life that decided to leave her soon after they started spending a lot of time together. The strand of hair symbolizes the often heretical path which people cross in the quest for love. There is not a clear enough correlation between most of the symbols and what they symbolize for them to have been an application of conscious symbolism. Furthermore Faulkner himself has ascertained that he doesn’t rely on consciously using symbolism to channel his philosophies as an author. Effectively, William Faulkner blatantly denies using any conscious symbolism. He explains: â€Å"I was simply trying to write about people [†¦] it was no intention of the writer to say, Now let’s see, I’m going to write a piece in which I will use a symbolism [†¦]† (extract from the interview â€Å"A Meaning of â€Å"A Rose for Emily†). This quotation further validates the argument that the symbolism used by Faulkner was unintentional. Ray Bradbury, one of the most renowned American writers of the 20th century explains his take on this topic in a response to a letter from a 16 year old student in 1963. The student wanted to know more about the use of symbolism in literary works so Bradbury stated that â€Å"I never consciously place symbolism in my writing. That would be a self-conscious exercise and self-consciousness is defeating to any creative act. [†¦ ] The best symbolism is always unsuspected and natural. Faulkner also describes his main interest as a writer as being about â€Å"the human heart in conflict with itself† (Nobel Prize acceptance speech). Thus, his sole purpose as a writer goes against the act of using conscious symbolism. Accordingly, in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, he tells the outlandish, yet compelling story of Miss Emily Grierson’s internal conflict in the pursuit of ha ppiness and love that leads her to unorthodox – even satanic – acts. Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† offers symbols with limitless interpretations and therefore proves to a considerable extent that the use of those symbols weren’t conscious. Moreover, It would be contumelious not to agree with the author when he denies the use of conscious symbolism. Symbolism in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is consistently present and plays a major role in the possible readers’ interpretations of the story’s message. However, the use of symbols in a literary work is inevitable and isn’t always a product of a conscious act. This means that the fact that there is symbolism in the text isn’t a contradiction to the author’s initial goal which is writing a mere ghost story inspired by â€Å"a picture of a strand of hair on the pillow in the abandoned house. (Interview on The Meaning of â€Å"A Rose for Emily†). Consequently, the unconscious symbolisms within the story give it sophistication and depth due to its readers’ interpretations, not due to the immoral act of imposing symbolism upon them. The American author Isaac Asimov encompasses the answer to the controversy of the use of symboli sm in his response to the same letter about from the 16 year old student: â€Å"Consciously? Heavens, no! Unconsciously? How can one avoid it? † Faulkner did not use conscious symbolism in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. Numerous applications of symbolism are present in this short ghost-story and they do hold a non-negligible position in the overall meaning of the piece based on each readers’ understanding of them. Nevertheless, the literary virtuoso, William Faulkner did not intentionally place these symbols as a means to convey his message in a latent manner. In lieu of doing so, he straight-forwardly wrote a simple ghost-story containing inevitable symbols. As a matter of fact, we may ask ourselves: to what extent is the conscious use of symbolism in literature in order to convey message, efficient and effective? How to cite Symbolism in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, Essay examples

Case Study on Newborn Behavioral State

Question- Observe a newborn less than three month of age either via a video or real-life observation?Write a paper based on the questions below: A. What behavioral stated did you observe? B. Describe what normal development for the newborn? C. What was the dominant behavior state? D. What motor characteristics did you observe? E. What reflexes and patterns did you observe ? F. What seemed to calm the infant? G. Describe the infant's interactive patterns? Peter is a month old. He has brown eyes and short, fine black hair. The shape of his eyes is like almonds and he has a very fair complexion. He is lying in the cradle which stands on the rockers. The room setting is very comfortable and seems to be furnished keeping in mind the comfort and safety of Peter. The behavior of any infant is governed by the state, temperament and the ability of the infant to self regulate. Peters behavior is often in form of cues or the activities that signal towards his needs (Lake, K., 2015). When Peter is given a toy, he widens his eyes and his face brightens up. He focuses his attention on the object of attention. When his father walks past him, Peters eyes follow him and he even turns his head. Peter is able to identify and distinguish any sound, especially if his mother calls him. He pays attention to the sounds of interest like the ones that are high pitched and rhythmic (Government of Western Australia, 2002). Sometimes, he also widens his eyes and becomes still, focusing all his attention on the coming sound. The newborn babies do not have the understanding of their being a separate individual. During the first three months, the child cries because of something happening inside his body. He cannot understand feelings and likes to be cuddled or hearing the soothing voice of their mother. They do not like feeling hungry or frightened. Physically, they have immature eye muscles and can see things that are close by (March of Dimes, 2003). They can move their body but do not know how to move each part of their body. New born babies can express themselves only by crying or making faces. They cannot speak and so they cry in different tones to convey what they want (Government of Western Australia, 2002). The dominant behavior state of Peter is his brightened and widened eyes. Whenever he sees any familiar face, he smiles and his eyes become big and bright. When he hears his mother or father call his name, he starts making noises and laughs (Government of Western Australia, 2002). He seems very happy. The gross motor development is still immature as Peter does not know how to control the movement of his head. He generally requires someone to hold his head for support. Being just a month old, he does not know how to sit or crawl or start to walk. The fine motor skills are also absent. However, Peter likes to touch the toys that hang on the bar that is fixed on his cradle. He lifts head when prone on tummy and kicks his legs (Government of Western Australia, 2002). His eyes are lined up most of the time. Just like the newborns vary in their behaviour, they also vary in their reflexes. When Peters cheek is struck, he tilts his head towards the same side and opens his mouth. Similarly, when his mouth is touched, he opens his mouth and makes sucking movements. He also shows grasp reflex as well (Lake, K., 2015). When his palm is touched with a finger, he grabs hold of the finger. Other patterns that are observed in Peter range from the cues of engagement like smiling, hand to mouth activity, wide open eyes, grasping hold of the mother or fathers hand or other smooth motor movements. However, some of the disengagement cues that are also observed are hiccoughing, becoming apple red in color, falling asleep, crying loudly along with agitated movements or jerky movements (Government of Western Australia, 2002). Peter is more of a smiling baby than a cry baby. He is easily calmed down by his parents simple by their talking or making faces. But in extreme situations, when Peter is uncontrollable, it takes lot of efforts for his parents to soothe him. Some of the options that seem to work for consoling Peter are picking him up, rocking him, feeding him, swaddling him, changing the wet or dirty diaper or simply talking to him in slow and modulated voice/ tone. Peters parents believe that if they cater to these habits of him every time, it would spoil him. So they try to control themselves instead of immediately responding to the cues that are sent by Peter (Government of Western Australia, 2002). Eventually, Peter starts moving his hands to his mouth or starts sucking his fingers, as a maneuver to self control himself (Nover, A., 1985). The interactive pattern of every newborn baby is different from other babies. Peter tries to understand what is being said to him and if he finds it intimidating or frightening, then he starts crying. The latter happens majorly when the people with whom Peter is not familiar, try to talk to him or cuddle him or lift him up. If any known face tries to initiate a conversation with him, he responds by making sounds and understanding what is being said to him (Nover, A., 1985). He also starts kicking his feet and moving his hands in air in order to show the expression of happiness or comfort. Peter can now recognize the face of his mother and father. Still he is unfamiliar with the other family members. Even though his big sister plays with him often, he starts crying if he does not see his mother around. Also if anyone else tries to pick him up or cuddle him, his makes faces and eventually starts crying (Nover, A., 1985). All the babies are born different and have different rates of development. The research has shown that mostly the trend of growth and development of all types of skills follows same pattern but if a child does not show effective signs then the parents can consider talking with the doctor and finding out a more efficient way of encouraging development of the child. At first the child does not know what is happy or sad or being comfortable. But gradually they learn to recognize the smell or the voice of the person who feeds them or spends most of the time with them, like their mother (Roland, D., 2010). They are learning all the time and the responsibility of the parents is to help them know that they are welcomed in this world where their needs will be met and they will learn to feel safe and loved. REFERENCES Government of Western Australia. (2002). Child development 0-3 months. Department of health. Lake, K. (2015). Sample child observation paper. Retrieved on 26th January 2015. March of Dimes. (2003). Understanding the behavior of term infants. Perinatal nursing education. Nover, A. (1985). Mother-infant interactive play: theory and practical application. Child and Adolescent Social work Journal, 2(1): 22-35. Roland, D. (2010). The Newborn Early Warning (NEW) system: development of an at-risk infant intervention system. Early warning scores, 6(4).

International Business Law Adamant and Beneficial Agreement

Question: You are asked to advise the Government of the Republic of San Martin with regard to a trade agreement that it is considering entering into with the United States. Until recently, the Republic had a centrally-planned economy and allowed foreign investment only under very strict conditions. In February 2015, however, a new government came to power, which is somewhat more outward looking. Advise the Ministry of Trade of the issues that it should consider when deciding whether to enter into a trade agreement with the U.S., or indeed any jurisdiction, and what safeguards should be included as clauses to such an agreement. Answer: Introduction Agreements regarding Trade can form opportunities for Americans and facilitates to raise the economy of United States. USTR has primary responsibility for administering U.S. agreements trade. Through, this agreement U.S. govt. supervises the implementation of their trading partners' trade agreements with the United States, America's rights become compulsory under these agreements. The signing of these Trade Agreements makes the President's Trade Policy advance. The United States is Member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The United States has Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) in effect with 20 countries. There are other types of Trade Agreements known as, Trade and Investment Framework Agreement. It helps the government by providing a framework where they can discuss and resolve any issues related to trade and investment. Issues Recently the United States settle the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) with number of 11 Asia-Pacific countries such as Australia, Canada, Japan, Singapore, Brunei Darussalam, Chile, New Zealand, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru and Vietnam. Trans-Pacific Partnership is a comprehensive type agreement that is why it become widely spread open markets, set high-standard trade rules and deal with the 21st centurys issues in the global economy. There also have many other problems related to Free Trade Agreement. They are as follows- Unrealistic Policy Policy of Free Trade depends on the theory of laissez-faire or government non-involvement. Its achievement also requires the prerequisite of ideal competition. However, these types of conditions are impractical and do not exist in the actual world. Non-Cooperation of countries Policy of Free Trade works effortlessly, if all the countries works together with each another and obeys the rules of this policy. If the countries started to decide to acquire more by imposing import restrictions, then the structure of free trade cannot work. Economic Dependence Free Trade enhances the economic dependence on the other countries for some basic products such as food, raw materials, etc. During wartime, particularly this relationship proves too much harmful to that country. Political Slavery Free trade leads to economic dependence, and hence this economic dependence shows the ways to political slavery. Therefore, financial independence is essential for political freedom, and this requires desertion of free trade. Unbalanced Development Due to Free Trade Policy and consequential international specialisation, it shows the way to the uneven development of national economy. Only those sectors of the country are developing under this system, which has comparative advantage whereas, the remaining segments are undeveloped. Dumping Free trade leads to competitive competition and dumping. Under dumping, the goods sold at a very low price. Sometimes they sold the products below their production cost due to capture the foreign markets. Harmful Products Under free trade they may produce, buy, and sell dangerous and injurious products. That is why during import of such dangerous and detrimental products Trade Restrictions are necessary to verify and check. International Monopolies Sometimes free trade may show the way to international monopolies. It promotes the establishment of various multinational corporations (MNCs). These businesses try to acquire monopoly position by destroying the interest of local people. Reduction in Welfare of Certain Groups While free trade has a tendency to maximize the world production of goods and services, at the same time it may spoil the welfare of different panel in each country. Under free trade, the production of those goods in which the country has comparative advantage has a tendency to increase the export demand and the production of those goods in which the country has comparative disadvantage deals due to pressure from import rivalry. That is why the actual income of the groups occupied in the export industries will increase, and the real income of the groups held in the import industries will decrease. Harmful to Less Developed Countries The following reasons that free trade is dangerous for the less developed countries are as follows- Under free trade, competition is not fair and very harmful. The less developed countries face too many difficulties to compete with the economically advanced nations. Dependent on the level of improvement of different countries of trade are unfairly distribute in Free Trade policy. The conditions of trade are favourable for developed countries than poor or underdeveloped countries. Poorly developed countries face the adverse balance of payments. Under free trade policy, the negative dues of payments are not solvable. Under free trade policy, the underdeveloped countries cannot protect their newborn industries. Free trade may create danger situation for a financial and civic independence of the underdeveloped nations. The Obama Administration follows the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) to open the opportunities American workers, manufacturers, farmers, service providers and ranchers. Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) will be a comprehensive agreement, which provides new and meaningful market access for goods and services. Effect User Choice Generally, users feel he profits of free trade. When goods are imported of other countries, then consumers have options to choice from wide range of variety of brands and styles. Sometimes the imported products are of same quality at lower price. Sometimes the goods may be of inferior quality. For example, there is a small price coat made of synthetic materials made in Mexico, and there is another pure wool coat made in America at much higher price. Now the consumer has to decide about their priorities at the time of choosing the product. Competition When a user wants the imported goods and services from different countries, then local companies have to put in more effort than the foreign countries to make sure that customers still want local products. For example, nowadays French banks compete with Spanish, German, and Dutch banks for investment product sales and accounts. French banks have more incentive than other banks to offer better interest rates, products, and services. Threats And Protectionism Quite a few countries are opposed to free trade due to the fact they may protect some individual companies, industries, and classes of jobs. Extra-terrestrial competition may undercut the labour cost and make threats to the industry. For example, Suppose America has free transaction with China then it might be a grave concern for the American automotive industry. After that, the labours in chinas factory or industry earn lower wages as they produced manufacture goods at low price. However, American workers want higher wages. The United States has invested significant public resources in getting its automobile manufacturers back on their feet to help protect the trades brought by that industry, which is a large amount of the U.S. economy. Impacts The literature offers clear guidance to policymakers in numerous areas. It is excellent at estimating the effect of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) on the parties trade flows. All controlled quality primary studies determine business growth and found that the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) has the positive effect in some cases, and nobody found it to be negative. However, in some cases, the estimated trade impact is considerable; in others, it is unassuming and discovered that some partners gained nothing. Growths of trade generate new jobs, raise incomes, and encourage economic development. Benefits of u.s. Free trade agreements The United States has executed 14 free trade agreements (FTA) with an overall of 20 countries. The United States also plays a part in consultation of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) with countries of the Asia-Pacific and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (T-TIP) with the European Union. Australia Free Trade Agreement (FTA) consultations between the United States and Australia bring to a close in February 2004. Because the fact that, the agreement went into force in January 2005. The United States- Australia Free Trade Agreement (FTA) has inspired 104% increase in the United States trade surplus with Australia. In 2013, the United States sold to other countries around $26.1 billion in goods and brought in within the countries around $9.2 billion in Australian products. Bahrain The United States- Bahrain Free Trade Agreement (FTA) has implemented in August 2006. This Free Trade Agreement has increased the opportunities for selling American products outside the country and raised the business value of America. From 2005 to 2013, the United States exports $1 billion to Bahrain, which increases the trade surplus by 190%, imports $635.6 million from Bahrain, and increased the business surplus by 47.2%. Central American Free Trade Agreement (Cafta-Dr) COSTA RICA: In Costa Rica CAFTA-DR put into action from 1st January 2009. The President of United States has signed the implementing legislation on 2nd August 2005. In 2013, the American industries exports around $7.2 billion amount of products as well as services to Costa Rica and imports around $11.9 billion from Costa Rica. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: In Dominican Republic CAFTA-DR put into action from March 2007. In 2013, the American firms exported around $7.1 billion in products and services to Dominican Republic and imports around $4.2 billion amount of goods from the Dominican Republic. The United States increased the trade excess with the Dominican Republic by 254% and raised value of American business. EL SALVADOR: In El Salvador CAFTA-DR put into action from March 2006. After implementing CAFTA-DR, the bilateral trade liaison between the United States along with El Salvador has flourished. Within 2005 - 2013, the United States exports $3.2 billion in goods to El Salvador and increase the trade surplus by 76%. In the year of 2013, the United States brought in around $2.4 billion amount of products from the firms of El Salvador. GUATEMALA: In Guatemala CAFTA-DR put into action from July 2008. In the year of 2013, the United States exports $5.5 billion amount of goods to Guatemala as well as imports $4.1 billion amount of goods from Guatemala and increase American trade surplus by 95%. HONDURAS: In Honduras CAFTA-DR put into action from April 2006. In 2013, the business firms of the United States exported around $5.3 billion in products and services to Honduras. The U.S. business export has increased by 65%. The United States imports around $4.5 billion amount of products from Honduras. NICARAGUA: In Nicaragua CAFTA-DR put into action from April 2006. In 2013, the business firms of the United States exported around $1.06 billion in products and services to Nicaragua. The U.S. business export has increased by 69%. The United States imports around $2.8 billion amount of products from Nicaragua. USTR CAFTA-DR CHILE: From implementing the United States- Chile Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in the year of 2004, January, the American export business has increased by 545%. In the year of 2013, the United States exported over $17.5 billion amount of goods to Chile. In 2011, the United States imported $10.3 billion amount of goods from Chile as well as increased the trade surplus of America by 180% under the Free Trade Agreement (FTA). COLOMBIA: Discussions between Colombia and the United States bring to a close in February 2006, but the agreement put into service on 15th May 2012. According to the Free Trade Agreement (FTA), Colombia removes their barricades to do business. Moreover, provide a safe, expected legal framework for the investors of the United States functioning in Colombia, make available for successful enforcement of labour as well as environmental laws, take care of the rational property, and offer a sound system to resolve disputes. In the year of 2013, the United States imported around $21.6 billion in products from Colombia and exports around $18.3 billion in goods and services to Colombia. ISRAEL: The United States- Israel Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is countrys first free trade agreement. In Israel, it put into action on 1st September 1985. In 2013, the business firms of United States exported around 413.7 billion amount of products to Israel and imported $22.8 billion amount of products from Israel. JORDAN: The U.S.Jordan free trade agreement (FTA) implemented in the year of 2001, December. In 2013, United States exported over $2 billion in goods to Jordan and increased the export trade surplus by 514%. The United States imports from $229 million in the year of 2001 to $1.1 billion in 2013 in goods from Jordan, which increase the trade surplus by 422%. MOROCCO: The U.S. Morocco free trade agreement (FTA) implemented in January 2006. The United States exports over $2.4 billion in goods to Morocco and increase the American business by 514%. The United States imports $977 million in goods from Morocco and increase the business surplus by 119%. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) CANADA: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) come into action at the beginning of January 1994. In 2013, United States exported $301 billion amount of U.S. goods to Canada. The United States export business surplus has increased by 200%. At the same period, the United States imports goods from Canada rose by 199 % in 1993 to $332 billion in 2013. MEXICO: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) put into action at the beginning of January 1994. In 2013, United States exported nearly $226 billion in U.S. goods to Mexico. The United States export business surplus has increased by 443%. At the same time, the United States imports goods from Mexico rose by 602 % in 1993 to $280 billion in 2013. Ustr Nafta OMAN: Oman is the fifth Middle Eastern country who signs a free trade agreement (FTA) with the United States. The U.S. - Oman free trade agreement come into force in January 2009. The United States exports $1.02 billion amount of American-made products to Oman and imports $1.5 billion in products from Oman. PANAMA: In October 2011, Panama trade promotion agreement was signed by the president of United States, Barack Obama. It put into action on 31st October 2012. The whole trade agreement eliminates the tariff and other barricades to the trade of products and services, spread out the business relation between the Panama and United States, and encourage financial growth and opportunities. Due to this agreement, almost 90perecnt of tariffs on the industrial merchandise immediately reduce. In 2013, United States exported around $10.5 billion in American- made products to Panama and imports around $448 millions in goods from Panama. PERU: The United States Peru Trade Promotion Agreement is signed and comes into action in December 2007. In 2013, the United States imported $8.1 billion in goods from Peru and increased the trade surplus by 38% while the business firms of United States exports $10.1 billion in goods to Peru and increases the business surplus by 245%. SINGAPORE: In Singapore free trade agreement (FTA), come into action from January 2004. The business surplus of United States increases by 801% to $12.8 billion with Singapore. The United States exports $30.6 billion in American products to Singapore and imports $17.8 billion in goods from Singapore. SOUTH KOREA: The Korea United States Free Trade Agreement (KORUS-FTA) comes into practice on 15th March 2012. The agreement signifies the United States most commercially important FTA in over ten years. Korea is the sixth largest partner in trade with the United States. In 2013, the United States exported $41 billion in American products to South Korea while from Korea the United States imports $62 billion in Korean products. The KORUS-FTA increases the business and investment flows between these two countries transverse through a broad list of sectors Disadvantages Of Free Trade Agreements Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are deals between two or more than two countries to lower business barricades such as taxes and import quotas. These agreements make easy for the countries to buy and sell the products from each other. These agreements can also cause many serious problems. The problems are as follows Labour Practices Due to free trade agreements (FTAs) it becomes easier for a big trade to bring in merchandise from developing countries as lower trade barricades allow the bid industries to take benefit of cheap labour costs. The problem is that cheap labour often has a high human expenditure. Environmental Destruction Free trade agreement (FTA) can cause massive environmental damage by permitting companies to transfer their manufacturing amenities to nations with few or no environmental policies and by increasing right to use the natural resources in those countries. Previous to the North American, Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) become law in 1993; there has a little requirement for timber and metal ores from Mexico. In 2014, a report passed where it is found that the Sierra Club declares that NAFTA encouraged the creation of poorly synchronized, highly caustic mining operations in Mexico that cannot exist without the trade agreement. Loss Of Domestic Industry Sometimes Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) frequently damage a nation's local productions by exposing them into a contest with foreign producers with lower costs. For example, the United States industries get damage due low labour costs in Mexico. That is why the Mexican manufacturers have allowed undercutting the American producers. The "noodle bowl." However, the proponents of free trade agreements (FTAs) highlight their capability to develop economic efficiency. Some contracts can produce complex networks of guidelines that harm the business. The problem is that every bilateral business deal consists of various instructions defining tax rates, products, a point of origins, and other features of the firm. So many numbers of different bilateral deals in the world create legal complications for buyers and sellers. According to Global Accounting Alliance, all complications can increase the transaction costs for businesses for which frequently they have to appoint lawyers and accountants to find the way to a harsh environment. Conclusions Free Trade Agreement is an adamant and beneficial agreement; this is an excellent agreement for the manufacturers. While accepting the challenges faced by U.S. car makers, the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) result in the elimination of Korea's 8% tax on U.S. automotive accessories. This agreement will consist of an investor-state dispute settlement provision. Once a free trade agreement has brought to close, it needs to be verified lawfully, signed and then approved by the government of the parties those who are concerned in this agreement. Changes to legislation may be required. For this reason, the FTA takes time from when the discussions are finished to when the agreement implemented.

The Scarlet Letter Vs. The Crusible Essays - Film, Fiction

The Scarlet Letter Vs. The Crusible When the topic of a Puritanical society is brought up, most people think of a rigorous, conservative, highly devout society. While this may have usually been the case, this was not always so. The Puritan society was also known not to act out of brotherly, Christian love, but to cruelly lash out on those who sinned or were deemed unfit for society. Two works of literature that display both aspects of this society very accurately are The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and The Crucible, by Arthur Miller. The Scarlet Letter displays a society that treats two people very differently who commit the sin of adultery together. The woman, Hester Prynne, admits her sin, is forced to always wear a scarlet letter A on her bosom, and is ostracized from society. The man, Reverend Dimmesdale, who hides his sin from the world, is almost worshipped by the townspeople, but is filled with the dishonor of his action. Hawthorne illustrates how insensitive a Puritan society can be to those who adm it their sinful actions. The Crucible is a play that reveals the story of the famous witchcraft trials in Salem, Massachusetts. In the story, Abigail Williams, the orphaned niece of the town?s minister, Reverend Parris, is the main person who accuses people of sending their spirits on her and the other girls. What starts as children dancing in the woods leads to the accusation and execution of many innocent people for witchcraft. The two works of literature, The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter have very similar qualities, including setting, difference, and general aspects of the characters, while there are also specific parallels between characters, such as Abigail and Hester, and Parris and Dimmesdale. The settings in both The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible are similar in many ways. The Scarlet Letter takes place around the 1640s, as The Crucible occurs in 1692. The time period is very important in both pieces, because it is a time of religious intolerance and a conservative attitude pervades in New England, where both works of literature take place. This Puritan setting is also very important in both works of literature. The reason behind the townspeople persecuting sinners is because of the Puritan beliefs of the time period. This is the driving force between the actions of the characters. The setting of a religiously intolerant village is also the main reason behind the conflict that lies in each plot. The conflicts in both works of literature are also similar. The same thing, the excessively devout town in which the setting takes place, causes them both. The conflict in The Scarlet Letter that occurs between Dimmesdale, Hester, and Chillingworth; is caused by the town?s intolerance for sinners. Hester?s life is spent in complete loneliness because of the way the town treats her. Chillingworth, Hester?s past husband, is like most of the townspeople, because he feels the need to punish and inflict pain on sinners, especially those who have personally harmed him. Chillingworth tries to gain revenge on Dimmesdale, the man who commits adultery with his wife. The town?s desire to seek out and personally condemn sinners is also the source of conflict in The Crucible. In The Crucible, the townspeople hunt out the witches in the community as an attempt to rid the town of evil. In both, the conflict is caused by the town?s self appointed right to rancorously persecute and punish anyone who is found sinning. The conflict is also similar because both towns are generally the same. They are both located in the same general area of America, which causes the people to have similar beliefs and traditions. This includes the townspeople, and the general aspects of the characters. The general aspects of characters are also similar in both The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible. Both have a main antagonist, who wishes to punish sinners. In The Scarlet Letter, this person is Roger Chillingworth, who wants to gain revenge on Dimmesdale, and in The Crucible, the antagonist is Abigail Williams, the girl who mainly accuses the people of being witches. In addition, both works of literature include ignorant townspeople who contribute to the main conflict. In The Scarlet Letter, these people

Nationalism and Identity among Middle East Immigrants in Australia

Lit Review - Gay Studies essays

Lit Review - Gay Studies essays The social phenomenon that is of paramount interest to me is the sociological process that young homosexual men and women go through known as "Coming Out." This is of interest to me, because of my personal experiences coming out, and of a personal desire to understand the struggles of homosexuals, especially young homosexuals on both a theoretical and individual basis. Historical and Geographic Review of The Closet and Coming Out To provide a proper examination of the process coming out of the closet homosexuality must be examined throughout the history of America and Europe. Homosexuality has been noted since the Greeks. (Plato ) During much of the history of Europe after the Greek's dominance, homosexuality was considered a deviant behavior, and records of it are sporadic and unreliable. What is important is that during the dominance of the Catholic Church up until the 1880's the roots of homophobia were predicated on biblical interpretation. During this time the science embraced the ideology of progress and perfectibility. A discipline known as alienism, which applied a medical model to human behavior, interpreted homosexuality in terms of a sickness versus a theological root as sin or evil. These alienismists suffered from the Darwinian ideas that promoted "natural" as a part of "natural selection." They also considered if environmental conditions. These American scientists looked at and rejected the work of Magnus Hirschfeld and the Scientific Humanitarian Committee that called for the "normalization" and 'emancipation' of homosexuals, instead they participated in the stigmatization and marginilzation of the American Homosexual. American scientists tended to discuss the isolation of homosexuals via castration, sterilization, and confinement. The isolation and marginlization of homosexuals was symptomatic of the desire to increase social control, and reduce social evils through interventionist method ...

How to Answer the Whats Your Perfect Day Interview Question

How to Answer the Whats Your Perfect Day Interview Question Recently, it came out that Facebook’s head recruiter’s favorite interview question to ask is more like a personal essay question. â€Å"On your very best day at work- the day you come home and think you have the best job in the world- what did you do that day?† Now that this is making the viral rounds, don’t be surprised to hear it in your non-Facebook interviews as well. Here are some tips for breaking the question down and being ready to pounce on it. If you have a upcoming job interview, make sure to go over these 10 toughest interview questions.DO understand what the question is probing.This is a test to see what you value and prioritize in your work life. Your perfect workday is what you want to achieve- just on a more micro level than the ol’ â€Å"Where do you see yourself in five years?† question.DON’T take it literally.Don’t take the interviewer through your teeth-brushing, your miraculously easy commute, your cappuccin o waiting on your desk when you get to the office.   Consider it more of a highlight reel of the best moments of that ideal day.DO tailor your answer to this job.This isn’t the place to debut your fantasy career as a tennis pro. If the job you’re interviewing for includes managing a team, talk about how the day includes productive meetings with your squad (leadership skills). If you’ll be in a marketing role, talk about how the day would include a breakthrough by using a new form of digital media (tech-savvy skills and being results oriented).   This question is a great way to wave your passion points in with the skills you want to emphasize in the interview.DON’T make a joke out of it.This is a legitimate question, and the interviewer wants a sincere answer. It might be tempting to say that your perfect day involves skipping work and sipping fruity drinks poolside. Resist that urge.DO include specifics.You can use your own professional goals to creat e specific scenarios that would make you feel fulfilled. But again- make sure this matches up to the job description. If you have a particular goal, especially one that aligns with the job for which you’re interviewing, work that in here.DON’T spin an epic story.Keep it brief, like 2-3 points. Hint: if you start including characters with backstory, you’ve gone too far. Never forget that you’re in a job interview, not a casual conversation.DO be authentic.If you’re passionate about an aspect of your career, here is an excellent chance to gush about it. The interviewer is trying to gauge your personal relationship to your job, and this question is an opportunity to show how connected and committed you can be.As interview questions go, this one is actually a pretty useful one to consider for your general career goals. Long before you step into any interview, you should know what makes you tick, professionally. And being able to focus in on that in an interview will make you a stronger, more confident candidate.

Giant Hyena - Facts and Figures

Giant Hyena - Facts and Figures Name: Giant Hyena; also known as PachycrocutaHabitat: Plains of Africa and EurasiaHistorical Epoch: Late Pliocene-Pleistocene (3 million-500,000 years ago)Size and Weight: Up to three feet high at the shoulder and 400 poundsDiet: MeatDistinguishing Characteristics: Large size; short legs; powerful head and jaws About the Giant Hyena (Pachycrocuta) It seems that every animal on earth came in larger packages during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs, and the Giant Hyena (genus name Pachycrocuta) was no exception. This megafauna mammal was very similar to the modern spotted hyena, except that it was about three times the size (some individuals may have weighed as much as 400 pounds) and more stockily built, with comparatively shorter legs. Save for these crucial differences, however, the Giant Hyena pursued a recognizably hyena-like lifestyle, stealing freshly killed prey from other, presumably smaller, predators and only occasionally hunting for its food, when circumstances demanded. Tantalizingly, the fossils of some Pachycrocuta individuals have been discovered in the same Chinese caves as the modern human ancestor Homo erectus; however, its unknown if Homo erectus hunted the Giant Hyena, if the Giant Hyena hunted Homo erectus, or if these two populations merely occupied the same caves at different times! ​Ironically, given its massive size compared to its modern descendant, the Giant Hyena may well have been driven to extinction by the much smaller spotted hyenawhich would have been ranged much more nimbly over the grasslands of Africa and Eurasia and been able to chase prey over longer distances (during times when freshly killed carcasses were thin on the ground). The spotted hyena was also better adapted for the conditions that prevailed at the end of the Pleistocene epoch, shortly after the last Ice Age, when most of the worlds giant mammals went extinct for lack of available food.

Management stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management stress - Essay Example During this stage of stress response, the brain will send an emergency signal to other body parts letting them know of the dangerous situation the individual is facing. The individual can either choose a fight or flight reaction. For example, during a bank robbery, an individual may decide to ‘fight’ the robbers or run away from the scene ‘flight’. In an organizational setting, this phase does not usually affect the performance of an employee. This means that too little stress is unlikely to have an effect on the productivity of employees (Quick, Wright, Adkins, Nelson & Quick, 2013). At this stage, an employee will attempt to resist the stressor. This process is initiated so that the individual can regain balance. It is at this stage that the body puts up a fight, and the human body is likely to achieve its maximum activity levels. The body digs deep into its reserve, and an individual usually feels under pressure and is usually very anxious. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law curve, it is at this stage that employees in an organization reach their peak performance. This goes to prove that people will usually work their best when under pressure. However, at this stage an individual’s body is usually very weak and is vulnerable to diseases due to a weakened immune system. At this stage, the human body is no longer able to cope with the stress and the body’s adaptive mechanisms collapse. At this stage, the stress is too much, and the body is usually unable to fight with the stressor. At this phase, an individual is usually tired, broken and exhausted. An individual is likely to have sleeping problems, raised blood pressure, digestive issues and is also at a higher risk of suffering from heart disease. Additionally, the individual may suffer from serious conditions like memory loss, mental illness and impaired judgment. The individual may break down due to feelings of

Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Term Paper Example 1. Supply Chain Problems in Business Organizations The external environment of business corporations is countering large amount of changes in regard to alterations in demand for the products and services by the consumer sphere. Therefore, business organizations feel the requirement of strategizing the business operations in strict adherence to changing market demands. Supplies of goods and services must reach the end consumer on time. Furthermore, the manufacturing and supply chain operations need to be carried out with a focus on the changes in the demand sphere. Absence of demand driven supply chain systems for business organizations tends to make the production activities obsolete, leading to a loss of productivity, profitability, and blockage of working capital (Tai, Ho, and Wu 5397-5398). 2. Concept of Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership or the ability to transform focuses on incorporating a visionary approach in dealing with a change or alteration of the pre sent state of operations or conduct. Such visionary approach implies that the transformational leader focuses on generating key strategies based on objectives the organization is to achieve. A transformational leader is required to work on effective communication to help people working at different levels to receive a clear understanding of their way of approach. Such enhancement of the communication activities helps in generating confidence in the minds of the people to work collaboratively in the atmosphere of change. The change leader is required to reflect on the benefits the people and the concern will accrue in regard to the change process. Such transparency in communication between the leader and the subordinate groups instills confidence and, therefore, motivates the people to work more productively (Chen, Preston, and Xia 258-259). The transformational leader in regard to business organizations is found to incorporate the systems of information technology to enhance the wor king potential of the firm. The incorporation and use of information technology on a mass scale helps the firm to augment the level of resource utilization in achieving key managerial objectives. The transformational leader observes that the use of information technology in regard to business operations helps enhance the skills of the employees and efficiency of business processes. The alignment of information technology with the firm’s operations helps the concern enhance the operational and business processes, helping them to meet market demands effectively. The transformational leader gains efficiency in aligning the information technology incorporated with human and other organizational resources in different departments and levels. Transformational leaders are thereby required to effectively train, and communicate to, the people based on new objectives and skills to be gained to achieve the objectives underlined. Therefore, transformational or change leadership is a dema nd-centric approach which works best when focused on changes or alterations in the market demand for the services or commodities (Grant 471-472; Defee, Stank, Esper, and Mentzer 70). 3. Transformational Leadership in Generating Business Solutions The following segments reflect the transformational activities involved in supply chain systems, which an organizational leader can effectively

Sum up what you learned from these articles Essay

Sum up what you learned from these articles - Essay Example Islam has existed in Central Asia for centuries. After being conquered by Turkish Arabs, the native cultures converted to Islam. Yet it was not a pure Islam, but an Islam mixed with local customs. Another issue that impacted Islam in Central Asia was the Soviet occupation. Damrel suggests: The understanding of what happened to Islam and Muslim society under first Tsarist and then Soviet domination is an important part of modern Uzbek self-perception. According to a well-known historical paradigm, the overwhelmingly Muslim communities of Central Asia were subjugated by a European colonial power that attempted to discredit, eviscerate and indeed expunge Islam from culture and society. The Soviets, in contrast, launched a full-scale assault on Islamic institutions and practices in the mid-1920s, a campaign that intensified dramatically during Stalin’s â€Å"revolution from above† and the purges of the late 1920s and 1930s. Although oppression is not favorable, the result was positive. Due to the oppression, Central Asia has formed its own brand of Islam. While it might be repressive to some, the Islam in Central Asia is not as threatening as in neighboring Afghanistan. Plus, Central Asia has formed their religion and culture in the meantime. It is much better than having another occupation. The announced goals of the new university vividly portray a state vision of Islam that intersects both with issues of nation-building in Central Asia and with a larger global Muslim discourse about the nature of Islam itself. (Damrel) mazhab), one of the four main branches of Sunni Islam (the other three being the Shafi’, Hanbali’i, and Maliki’i mazhabs). The standard argument is that Sunni Islam ultimately prevailed over Shia Islam in the region because it was better able to accommodate local practices and traditions, including eventually Sufism, a mystical and popularized form of Islamic worship that is very open to

The Progressive Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Progressive Era - Essay Example The middle class, frightened by the economic unrest of the 1890's and the actions of giant business organizations, was more willing to accept progressive reforms than it had been earlier. After the quick victory in the Spanish-American War, there was a new feeling of confidence in the nation=s future. Progressivism had many aims. The general aims of Progressivism were as follows: to extend political democracy by shifting control of government from the political bosses and powerful industrialists to the people; to curb the power of big businessmen, in order to give greater economic opportunities to small business and labor; and to eliminate the social ills of society through needed reforms. Although the aims of Progressivism were shared by all Progressivists, support came from many different groups. Progressives came from both major parties, as well as from minor or third parties. Important political leaders in the movement included Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, and Governors Robert La Follette, Charles Evans Hughes, and Hiram Johnson. Support came from the farm, because the farmers wanted their problems to be recognized. Support came from artists and writers, who wrote stories about social ills. Progressivism accomplished many things. Political democracy was extended by initiative, referendum, recall, and the short ballot. The Seventeenth Amendment was passed and provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators. The Nineteenth Amendment gave the franchise to women to permit the selection of party candidates by registered voters. Many limitations and restrictions were placed on trusts. Monopolies were prosecuted and the Clayton Act was passed. The Federal Trade Commission Act was passed as well. Many laws which safeguarded labor and the public were enacted. More adequate factory and building inspection codes were adopted, greater provisions were made for sanitation and public health, and Congress enacted the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act which further improved the quality of foods. Perhaps the most dangerous beliefs of the progressive era may be the uncritical acceptance of the power of state to coerce individual behavior. The idea of individuality, which is vital for democracy, seemed, at times, to be threatened. This acceptance of the government's control over its nation's individuality opened the door for the surge of socialist views. The idea of a 'cooperative commonwealth' began to take it's roots in American society. (Dittmer, 12-22) Such socialist ideas and government control over individual behavior was very easy to sell to the poor working class, which made up a high percentage of America, who had become over-burdened by capitalist oppression. The government's ability to gain strength was looked upon by this class as the only way to control the overpowering private sector, which were the big-businesses. As Wilson stated 'Our duty [government] is to cleanse, to reconsider, to restore, to correct the evil without impairing the good, to purify and humaniz e every process of our common life without weakening or sentimentalizing it.' .In the idea of government controlling 'every process of our common life' lies a great danger; the control of government lying in the hands of the people, not the

An event that is a part of your experience Essay

An event that is a part of your experience - Essay Example My mom warned me about feeding the dog especially when its beef bones just bought from the store. On that day, my determination was to do the opposite of what my mother has instructed me. I was driven by the fact that my parents clearly instructed me not to feed the dog. As I walked to our backyard my heart started to beat harder and harder, my stomach grumbled, my legs felt weak almost not able to walk, my hands felt like they could not carry the few pounds of beef. As I got closer and closer to the tree where my dog was resting, I got more and more anxious. Snowy almost looked like a lion looking for its prey; he slowly lifted its head off the ground as he caught the smell of the fresh beef, which still had a strong scent of blood. He stood up almost about to attack me but, we both knew hurting each other is not a priority. I came closer and closer, I opened the bag and I saw Snowy drooling all over the place ready to eat but looking up at me as if asking for my permission. I said â€Å"go ahead boy it is for you; you look hungry† gave him a little pat on the head and took a few steps back. Noticing a bone a little far away, and my dog tied I thought it could not reach it, so I pushed the bone where he could reach it. I started tossing the bone back and forth, as I waited for Snowy to eat. Suddenly his animal instincts took over as he lurched to protect his old bone. Within the next 5 seconds, the unexpected happened. My dog bit me, and my leg was bleeding. I did not feel the pain at all; it was almost as if a doctor gave me a shot, no pain at all just shocked. I looked at my dog straight in the eyes I could see his regret, his pain and anger as well as a tear. I loved my dog, but at the same time hated him for putting me in this situation. Until then I never realized that dogs could cry just as humans did, but that showed me that not only that Snowy loved me but also felt the same pain I do when it gets hurt. That

Essay Example for Free

Essay The song â€Å"Imagine† was written by John Lennon in 1971. John Lennon was a former guitarist in the legendary band, The Beatles. He then came out with his own song that soon became one of the most famous tunes in all of history. The song was written to give the world a more hopeful perspective during a troublesome time instigating a revolution of anti-war movements. The song â€Å"Imagine† was written by John Lennon in 1971 to persuade the audience to imagine a world of peace during a time when the world was filled with war. During the year of 1971, the world was dealing with a great deal of war and violence. This was the time of the Vietnam War, the Cold War between the United States and the USSR, the Ind-Pakistani War creating a dark time in Pakistan during 1971, as well as a war ending in South Asia followed by the establishment of the Sovereign Nations in Bangladesh. During all of these troubles, the world was also filled with a great deal of racial discrimination. Although most of the world was involved in wars and strife, John Lennon decides to write an uplifting song that creates a setting without the struggles of man that lead to violence and giving a whole new perspective to the people that needed it. The song â€Å"Imagine† asks the listener to imagine a world of peace. The main argument this song represents is that if we can picture a world without any reason for violence then maybe we can begin achieve it. John Lennon implies protest with his song by asking the listener to picture a world without religion, possessions, countries, or any other reason for violence. â€Å"Imagine theres no countries, it isnt hard to do. Nothing to kill or die for and no religion, too. Imagine all the people living life in peace.† This part of the song implies protest by asking the audience to imagine a world living as one, without countries or religion to cause any racial discrimination. A slow rhythm made by a piano introduces the song with a soothing tone. The lyrics ask you to imagine a world with no heaven or hell and then to imagine all the people living for today. The music transitions to a more upbeat  tone by introducing drums after this verse in the song. There is also a repetition with the piano beats and the lyrics. When the lyrics asks the audience to imagine something, the piano beat repeats to the slow, soft tempo that was in the beginning. The music and the lyrics work together to create an optimistic yet soft, soothing tone.

Study of In-vivo Analgesic Activity | Experiment

Study of In-vivo Analgesic Activity | Experiment A) ANIMALS Swiss albino mice (20-25 g) of either sex were used for study of in-vivo analgesic activity. Animals were kept under standard laboratory conditions i.e. temprature is 24  ± 2 °C and relative humidity is 60-70%. The study protocol was approved by the institutional animal ethics committee (IAEC) before experiment (Approval No. 1452/PO/a/11/CPCSEA). Albino-Swiss mice were taken from Laboratory Animal House, Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Lalpur, Rudrapur (U. S. Nagar) and used for the study. The animals were procured from IVRI, Bareilly (U.P.) The animals were kept in polypropylene cages and maintained on balanced ration with free access to clean drinking water. All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the guide for Care and use of laboratory animals and in accordance with the Local animal care and use committee. All of the animals were left for 2 days in the laboratory for acclimatization before the day of experiment and on the last day they were giv en water only. Minimum of 6 animals were used in each group. Wistar rats of either sex weighing (150-200 g) were used for studying in-vivo anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity. Swiss albino mice of either sex weighing 20-25 g were used for in-vivo analgesic activity. Animals were maintained under standard laboratory conditions (24  ± 2 °C; relative humidity 60-70%). Study protocol was approved by the institutional Animal Ethics Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision on Experiments on Animals (IAEC, Approval No. 1452/PO/a/11/CPCSEA) before experiment. Wiatar Rats and Albino-Swiss mice from Laboratory Animal House Section, Department of Pharmacology, Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Lalpur, Rudrapur (U. S. Nagar) were used in the study. The animals were procured from IVRI, Bareilly (U.P.). Minimum of 6 animals were used in each group. B) ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES The acute oral toxicity studies were performed to study the acute toxic effects and to determine minimum lethal dose of the synthesized compounds. Swiss albino mice of either sex weighing 20-25 g were used for the study. The aqueous solution of compounds were administered orally to different groups of over night fasted mice at the doses of 30, 100, 300, 1000 and 3000 mg/kg body weight. After administration of the compounds, animals were observed continuously for the first three hours for any toxic manifestation. Thereafter, observations were made at regular intervals for 24 hrs. Further the animals were under investigation up to a period of one week. The dose calculated for the synthesized compounds are as following- I) ANALGESIC ACTIVITY A) Method 1: Hot plate method Heat is used as a source of pain. Animals were individually placed on the hot plate maintain at constant temperature (55 °C) and the reaction of animals, such as paw licking or jump response was taken as the end response. Analgesic drugs/compounds increases the reaction time. The method was first described by Eddy Leimbach (A cut off period of 15 sec is observed to avoid damage to the paw). The compounds were dissolved in the Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (0.5% suspension). Control, standard and test compounds were given per orally to the animals and the reaction of time of animals at 15, 30, 60 120 min interval was noted on the hot plate after drug administration. The method of Eddy and Leimbach using techno heated plat analgesic apparatus was used. The standard drug Diclofenac Sodium (50 mg/kg) was used reference drug for comparison. The result was tabulated in Table. Results were expressed as means  ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was analyzed using the one-way analysis of vari ance followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test where p B) Method 2: Acetic Acid Induced Writhing Method Analgesic activity was determined by calculating total number of writhings, following intraperitoneal (I.P) administration of 0.6% (0.1 ml/10g) acetic acid in mice .7 Albino mice of either sex (25-30 g) were used. Synthesized compounds (QAA-04H-04S) were administered intraperitonealy (0.5 ml) as a suspension in sterile 0.9% DMSO solution as vehicle. Diclofenac (10mg/kg) was used as the standard drug under same conditions. Acetic acid solution was administered intraperitonealy 30 min after administration of the compounds. 10 min after intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid solution, the number of writhings per animal was recorded for 20 min. Control animals received an equal volume of vehicle. Results of percentage Analgesic activity of compounds were calculated using following formula and the results are shown in table. % Analgesic activity = No. of writhings for control – No. of writhings for test compound *100 No. of writhings for control II) ANTI-PYRETIC ACTIVITY STUDIES: Albino rats of Wistar strain of either sex weighing between 170-190g were used. For induction of fever in rats, 20% w/v of brewer’s yeast in distilled water was administered by subcutaneous injection. All animals were induced pyrexia by injection of 10 ml/kg of brewer’s yeast solution under the skin in between the shoulder blades. The site of the injection was massaged in order to spread the suspension beneath the skin. Basal rectal temperature was measured before the injection of yeast, by inserting digital clinical thermometer to a depth of 2 cm into the rectum. The rise in rectal temperature was recorded 19 hours after yeast injection. The different groups of febrile rats were orally administered with the respective drugs and rectal temperature was recorded 30, 60, 120, 180 and 300 minutes post treatment. Decrease in rectal temperature post treatment indicated antipyretic effect. The difference in body temperature was recorded. III) ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY: The anti-inflammatory activity of compounds on carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema was determined according to the method described by Winter et al. (1962). The experimental animals were divided into ten groups, each containing five animals. First group received sterile normal saline (0.85% NaCl) assigned as control and the second group received standard drug Ibuprofen (20 mg/kg b.w., p.o.). The 3rd to 10th groups were administered the test compounds (at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.w, suspended in 10 ml/kg of 2% gum acacia) orally. After 30 min of administration of test compounds, 0.1 ml of 1% (w/v) carrageenin was injected subcutaneously in the subplantar region of the left hind paw. The right paw served as a reference to non inflammed paw for comparison. The initial paw volume was measured within 30 sec of the carrageenin injection by plethysmometer. The relative increase in paw volume was measured in control, standard and test compounds at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 h after the carrageenin injection. The difference between initial and final readings was taken as the volume of oedema and the percentage inhibition by the compounds was calculated using the formula (Kouadio et al., 2000): % Inhibition = 1-Ãâ€" 100 where dt is the difference in paw volume in the test compound-treated group and dc the difference in paw volume in the control group. IV) ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY Antimicrobial chemotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of many infectious diseases. However repeated and irrational use of some antibiotics result in resistance i.e., ineffectiveness of drug against the microorganisms. In the recent past, the emergence of drug resistance to antibiotics is more. This situation stimulated us to prepare new series of antimicrobials. The principle use of antibiotics is to help the body fight bacterial and/or fungal infections. The course of an infection is often linked to a race between the pathogen’s ability to grow in the host tissue and the tissue’s ability to capture and destroy the invading pathogen. Antibiotics are given to weaken or kill some of the invading Pathogens; hopefully, the body’s tissue can then destroy the rest. The effectiveness of an antibiotic is preliminarily determined by the size of the zone of inhibition, but zone size varies according to how easily the antibiotic diffuses through the agar, the type of medium used and many other factors. If a clear zone appears in which there is No microbial growth around the disk, it is called as the zone of inhibition, even though killing may have occurred in this zone. (A) Antibacterial Activity: In our current study, antibacterial activity was carried out by the agar diffusion method. Here the responses of the organisms to the synthesized compounds were measured and compared with the responses of the standard drugs. The standard reference drugs used in the antibacterial screening were Norfloxacin and Gatifloxacin. For antibacterial activity 2 gram positive bacteria i.e. Enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus and two gram negative bacteria i.e. Escherichia coli Shigella species were taken. Petridishes, cork borer, beakers, glass syringes and test tubes were sterilized by dry heat sterilization at 160 ºC for 1hr in hot air oven.All the synthesized compounds were dissolved in DMF to make the concentrations of 40 µg/ml. Preparation of nutrient agar media: Preparation of the bacteriological media involves the following steps:- All ingredients were dissolved in distilled water by boiling. The pH of the medium was determined with a pH meter and adjusted if necessary. The medium so prepared was sterilized by autoclaving at a temperature of 121 ºC for 15mins. Preparation of agar plates: The sterilized nutrient media was cooled to 45 º-46 ºC and inoculated with respective suspension of micro-organisms. They were mixed well and 200ml each of inoculated media were transferred into separate petridishes. They were allowed to cool at room temp. Until the agar medium completely solidified. Bores were made using cork borer and 0.1ml solution of test drug and control solutions were separately added to each bores. The sterile discs of standard reference drugs were placed on the surface. The petridishes were kept for 2hrs to allow the drug to diffuse into the agar media. A sterile atmosphere was maintained during the entire process by carrying out the work under Laminar Air Flow bench. All the plates were incubated for 24hrs at 37 ºC. At the end of incubation period, diameters of the zone of inhibition were measured and recorded. (B) Antifungal Activity: The antifungal activity was carried out by agar diffusion method. The responses of the fungal microorganisms to the synthesized compounds were recorded and compared with the standard reference drugs. Two fungal strains namely Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus were taken for the study. Petridishes, cork borer, beakers, glass syringes and test tubes were sterilized by dry heat sterilization at 160 ºC for 1hr in hot air oven. Each sample compound was dissolved in DMF to make the concentrations of 40 µg/ml. Clotrimazole and Amphotericin B were used as standard dugs. Media for fungi: Sabouraud Dextrose Agar : 65g procured from Himedia, Mumbai Distilled water : 1000ml Preparation of agar media: The preparation of the media involves the following steps:- Sabouraud Dextrose Agar was dissolved in 1000ml of sterile distilled water by boiling. The pH of the medium was determined with a pH meter and adjusted to if necessary. The medium so prepared was sterilized by autoclaving at a temp. of 121 ºC for 15mins. The sterilized nutrient media was cooled to 45 º-46 ºC and inoculated with respective suspension of fungal organisms. They were mixed well and 200ml each of inoculated media were transferred into separate petridishes. They were allowed to cool at room temp. Until the agar medium completely solidified. Bores were made using cork borer and 0.1ml solution of test drug and control solutions were separately added to each bores. The sterile discs of standard reference drugs were placed on the surface. The petridishes were kept for 2hrs to allow the drug to diffuse into the agar media. A sterile atmosphere was maintained during the entire process by carrying out the work under Laminar Air Flow bench. Then the plates were incubated at 25 ºC for 48hrs. The zone of inhibition was measured and recorded. V) IN-VITRO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY Method followed: In vitro inhibition of albumin denaturation: Denaturation of proteins is one of the causes of inflammation. Production of auto- antigens in certain rheumatic diseases may be due to in vivo denaturation of proteins. A number of anti-inflammatory drugs are known to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Mizushima and other have employed protein denaturation as in vitro screening model for anti-inflammatory compounds. Materials: Bovine serum albumin (sigma) Buffer tablets (7.4 pH) DMF Ibuprofen (standard) Distilled water (q.s.) METHOD: The test compounds were dissolved in minimum amount of dimethyl formamide (DMF) and diluted with phosphate buffer (0.2M, pH 7.4). The final concentration of DMF in all solutions was less than 2.5%. Test solution (1ml) containing different concentration of drug was mixed with 1ml of 1mg/ml albumin solution in phosphate buffer and incubated at 27 ºÃ‚ ±1 ºC for 15 min. Denaturation was induced by keeping the reaction mixture at 60 ºÃ‚ ±1 ºC in water bath for 10 min. after cooling, the turbidity was measured at 660nm in spectrophotometer. The percentage inhibition of denaturation was calculated from control where no drug was added. And compared against standard (Ibuprofen).

How to be a Successful Oligopolistic Firm in the Long Run :: essays papers

How to be a Successful Oligopolistic Firm in the Long Run It is a well-known fact that every firm wants to be successful in its business. Sometimes it is difficult to decide what kind of actions to take in order to achieve it. Especially, it is hard on oligopoly market because this is one of the most complicated market structures. Oligopoly includes many models and theories such as duopoly where are just two producers and which pricing decisions remind monopoly, kinked demand curve, which decreases economic profit, and cartel, which brings economic profit just for the short-run. However, to be a successful oligopolistic firm in the long run, managers should include in the planning process such economic theories and models as producer interdependence, the prisoner’s dilemma, price leadership, nonprice adjustments, and correct using of barriers to entry. The essential factor of an oligopolistic firm is interdependence. Oligopoly involves few producers, which means more than one producer as it is in pure monopoly but not so many as in monopolistic competition or pure competition where it is difficult to follow rival firms’ actions. Therefore, due to small number of producers on oligopoly market, the price and output solutions are interdependent. As a result, firms can cooperate or come to an agreement profitable for everyone. Therefore, they can increase, as it is possible, their joint profits (Pleeter & Way, 1990, p.129). Further, oligopoly is divided on pure, which is producing homogeneous products, and differentiated, producing heterogeneous products (Gallaway, 2000). Economists Farris and Happel insist that the more the product is differentiated, the more firms become independent, and the more the product differentiation, â€Å"the less likely joint profit maximization exists for the entire group† (1987, p. 263). Co nsequently, it is worth to be interdependent. Another factor on the way to success on oligopoly market is understanding and using with advantage the game theory, in particular, prisoner’s dilemma. Game theory, a mathematical approach to strategic behavior, was stated by John von Neumann and Oscar Morgenstern in 1944 (Farris & Happel, 1987, p. 267). Game theory is useful in analyzing the actions in any strategic situation, from a game of chess to the pricing and output decisions of oligopoly firms where firms cooperate or conflict. The classic game is the prisoner’s dilemma: Numbers are years in prison for each arrested player considering different behaviors of each prisoner.

Wedding Speech Delivered by the Bride :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Cory and I feel privileged to be sharing our day with all of our fiends and families who have been important to us during our lives. Many of you traveled from afar, Canada, Seattle, Illinois, Colorado and Arizona. Thanks to all of you for the efforts and sacrifices you have made to be with us today. I want to thank the most wonderful parents a child could ever have. Not only for the love, support and guidance over the years, but also for everything you’ve done towards today. Your massive contribution has been priceless and without you both we would have never managed and today would not have been possible or so special. Thank you Mom and Dad from the bottom of our hearts. And thank you Virginia for having such a wonderful son. I would also like to say thank you to my beautiful bridesmaids. Thank you so much for everything you’ve done and for being the greatest friends ever. Suzy, my maid of honor, you have been a lifesaver. You truly are the definition of a best friend and sister. Thank you for dealing with all my indecisiveness and always being her for me. I want to thank Cory for making my life complete.

Emotion and Thu Interdependence

Sociology: Marriages and Families Final Term Paper Due: April 28, 2011 THU Interdependence and Relationships Chapter Five When you look back at your relationships in the past and when you look at the way you were when you were in those relationships, were you the same? Or did you see yourself change? When someone is in a relationship, I believe, they become different than who they really are. Being in love has such a strong influence on the people, sometimes they get lost. I believe that the strength that an individual has, to not lose sight of himself or herself while in love, describes the interdependence of those partners. Interdependence has a lot of connection with relationships. Therapist John Crosby (text pg 112), talks about the different styles of relationships and how the individuals’ interdependence connects with that style. He distinguished three different types of relationships. First, the A-frame relationship is described as a relationship where the partners have very little independence but a strong identity through the relationship. The individuals in this type of relationship have too much interdependence, and if one grows out the other one will end up falling. The second style is the H-frame relationship. This is when the partners have little or no interdependence. The partners in this type of relationship aren’t emotionally connected with each other and can stand by themselves. Lastly, the M-frame relationship. Crosby describes this relationship style as having the best interdependency. The partners both have individuality yet they bring that support and influence to the other partner. Lehmiller also talks about interdependence and relationships. His article Secret Romantic Relationships talked about his research on how secrecy of a relationship can be harmful and how that affects the interdependency of that individual. Lehmiller states that secrecy of a relationship shows the individual’s low self-esteem and it promotes health risks. I believe a secret relationship has the interdependency like the A-frame relationship that Crosby had talked about. The partners keep the relationship a secret however they can’t seem to let go of the relationship even though secrecy is a harmful health risk. I believe this happens because they rely on each other so much that they lose themselves individually so all they can do is keep that relationship. Another author, Adams, the author of Characteristics of closeness in adolescent romantic relationships, talks about his investigation and what he discovered was that interdependence was linked to the closeness of romantic relationships. He states that no matter what gender you are, the interdependency of an individual is linked to their relationships. Although these three authors talk about interdependence and how it connects with relationships, their views are slightly different as well. Lehmiller describes that interdependency has a lot to do with the certain situation that the partners are in, such as secrecy. Adams talks about how interdependence is influenced by age, the individuals’ social lives, and many more. Lastly, Crosby focuses on how the interdependency influences the different styles of relationships. After reading and comparing the articles, it made me think about how I am influenced and how much I influence my partner when in a relationship. Personally, I liked reading how secrecy of a relationship can be harmful because it was something new. I have never imagined myself having to hide a relationship yet still be together with that partner. It made me think about how relationships really affect people’s emotions and minds. I realized, after reading these articles, that I should be more independent and stronger for myself before I start having a relationship. I don’t want to see myself depending on a relationship and losing my identity. Love is so strong, that you can lose your individuality, yet people always want to be in love or be loved.