Implicit Bias What It Means and How It Affects Behavior

An implicit bias is any unconsciously-held set of associations about  a social group. Implicit biases can  result in the attribution of particular qualities to all individuals from that group, also known as stereotyping. Implicit biases are the product of learned associations and social conditioning. They often  begin at a young age, and most people are unaware that they hold them. Importantly, these biases do not necessarily align with personal identity. Its possible to unconsciously associate positive or negative  traits with one’s own race, gender, or background. The Implicit Association Test Social psychologists Mahzarin Banaji and Tony Greenwald first coined the term implicit bias in the 1990s. In 1995, they published their theory of implicit social cognition, which asserted that  individuals social behavior and biases are largely related to unconscious, or implicit, judgments. The term grew in popularity in 1998, when Banaji and Greenwald developed the well-known Implicit Association Test (IAT) to confirm their hypothesis. The IAT test assessed the strength of unconscious biases through a computer program. Subjects were asked to observe a screen that displayed a  series of faces from different racial backgrounds and a series of positive and negative words. Researchers told the subjects to click on the positive words when they saw a face from racial background X, and the negative words when they saw a face from racial background Y. Then, they reversed the association and had subjects repeat the process.   The researchers argued that clicking more quickly meant that the subject had a greater unconscious association. In other words, quickly clicking happy when viewing a certain face meant that the individual had a close unconscious association between the positive trait and the race. A slower click time means that the individual had more difficulty associating that the positive trait with the race. Over time, the IAT has been replicated successfully in multiple subsequent trials, demonstrating its efficacy in proving implicit bias. In addition to racial bias, the test has also been used successfully to assess implicit bias related to gender and sexual orientation. Effects of Implicit Bias Holding an implicit bias towards a particular social group can determine how you treat an individual from that group.  Implicit biases affect human behavior  throughout society, including in classrooms, workplaces, and the legal system. Effects in the Classroom Implicit bias  affects how teachers treat students in the classroom. Research conducted by the Yale Child Study Center found that black children, particularly black boys, are more likely to be expelled and suspended from preschool for challenging behavior than white children. The research also found that, when primed to look for such challenging behavior, teachers tended to look longer at black children, particularly boys. The results suggested that implicit racial bias affects educational access and achievement in the classroom. Implicit bias results in an effect called stereotype threat, which occurs when  an individual internalizes negative stereotypes about a group to which they belong. Researchers demonstrated this effect through a standardized test study. Black and white college students with similar SAT scores were given a 30-minute college-level standardized test. Half of the students were told that the test measured intelligence, while the other group was told that the test was a problem-solving activity that did not correspond to ability. In the first group, black students performed less well than their white peers; in the second group, black students performance was equal to that of their white peers. The researchers concluded that the first group had been affected by stereotype threat when the researchers stated that the test measured intelligence. Similar results have also been found when comparing female and male performance on math exams. Effects in the Workplace Although explicit forms of workplace discrimination are banned in most developed countries, implicit bias plays a significant role in the professional world. Studies have shown that identical resumes  receive a different number of callbacks depending on the name at the top of the document. Across all industries, resumes with a name commonly associated with black individuals received fewer callbacks than those with names associated with white individuals.  Comparable implicit bias has also been shown in relation to gender and age. Effects in the Legal System Implicit bias has a significant impact on the legal system. Evidence suggests that black defendants are more likely to be treated harshly in the courtroom than white defendants. Prosecutors are more likely to charge black defendants and less likely to offer them plea bargains. Plea bargains offered to white defendants tend to be more generous than those offered to black or Latino defendants. Furthermore, juries are more likely to exhibit bias against defendants of a race different from the racial background of the majority of the jury. IAT tests have shown implicit associations between the words black and guilty. Implicit Bias vs. Racism Implicit bias and racism are related concepts, but they do not have the same meaning. Implicit bias is an unconsciously held set of associations about a particular group. Racism is prejudice against individuals from a specific racial group and can be either explicit or implicit. Implicit bias can lead to implicitly racist behavior, like when a teacher disciplines black children more harshly than white children, but many individuals harbor implicit biases without ever displaying overt racism. By becoming aware of our own implicit biases and actively resisting them, we can avoid perpetuating harmful racist stereotypes and prejudices.   Sources Anselmi, Pasquale, et al. â€Å"Implicit Sexual Attitude of Heterosexual, Gay and Bisexual Individuals: Disentangling the Contribution of Specific Associations to the Overall Measure.† PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 11, 2013, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078990.Correll, Shelley, and Stephen Benard. â€Å"Gender and Racial Bias in Hiring.† Penn Office of the Provost, University of Pennsylvania, 21 Mar. 2006, provost.upenn.edu/uploads/media_items/gender-racial-bias.original.pdf.Greenwald, Anthony G, et al. â€Å"Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test.† Journal of Personality and Soclal Psychology, vol. 74, no. 6, 1998, pp. 1464–1480., faculty.washington.edu/agg/pdf/Gwald_McGh_Schw_JPSP_1998.OCR.pdf.â€Å"How The Concept Of Implicit Bias Came Into Being.† NPR, National Public Radio, Inc., 17 Oct. 2016, www.npr.org/2016/10/17/498219482/how-the-concept-of-implicit-bias-came-into-being.Kang, Jerry Bennett, Mark Carbado , Devon Casey, Pamela Dasgupta, Nilanjana Faigman, David D. Godsil, Rachel G. Greenwald, Anthony Levinson, Justin Mnookin, Jennifer.. â€Å"Implicit Bias in the Courtroom.† UCLA Law Review, vol 59, no. 5, February 2012, pp. 1124-1186. ResearchGate,  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256016531_Implicit_Bias_in_the_CourtroomPayne, Keith. â€Å"How to Think about ‘Implicit Bias.’† Scientific American, Macmillan Publishers Ltd, 27 Mar. 2018, www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-think-about-implicit-bias/.â€Å"Stereotype Threat Widens Achievement Gap.† American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, 15 July 2006, www.apa.org/research/action/stereotype.aspx.White, Michael J., and Gwendolen B. White. â€Å"Implicit and Explicit Occupational Gender Stereotypes.† Sex Roles, vol. 55, no. 3-4, Aug. 2006, pp. 259–266., doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9078-z.Wittenbrink, Bernd, et al. â€Å"Evidence for Racial Prejudice at the Implicit Level and Its Relationship with Questionnaire Measures.† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 72, no. 2, Feb. 1997, pp. 262–274. PsychInfo, American Psychological Association, psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.262.Young, Yolanda. â€Å"Teachers Implicit Bias against Black Students Starts in Preschool, Study Finds.† The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 4 Oct. 2016, www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/04/black-students-teachers-implicit-racial-bias-preschool-study. Guardian Media Group

Analysis Of The Book I Ain t Preachin - 872 Words

Passage and Page Number: I ain t preachin no more much. The sperit ain t in the people much no more; and worse n that, the sperit ain t in me no more. Course now an again the sperit gets movin an I rip out a meetin , or when folks sets out food, I give em a grace, but my heart ain t in it. I on y do it cause they expect it. pg.27 Reference: When Tom Joad sees Jim Casy as he walks to the Joad ranch after being dropped off from the truck, he asks Jim Casy if he preaches anymore because he remembers Jim Casy as a preacher. Jim Casy says he does not preach anymore because he does not believe in God. After he went into the forest and rediscovered more about life, he changed the way. Jim Casy has moved on from what he used to do to a new understanding to religion and life. Commentary: This passage is very significant in knowing where Jim Casy is coming from. This passage also shows that after Jim Casy went into the forest, he became a changed man. He begins to represent the prophet and leads the Joad family spiritually. He finds his own definition of spirituality and somewhat represents transcendentalism. His philosophy is different from what the Christianity is and he decides not to be a preacher anymore. Through his teachings throughout the novel, he has become a spiritual guide for the Joad family as they head west to California. His philosophy is also similar to the other new variations to the Christianity where Mormons for example have their own

The Effect of Social Networking Sites to the Academic...

A STUDY ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES TO A STUDENT’S ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE Kurt Jonas L. Adonis Errol A. Buenaventura Researchers Mrs. Marilyn S. Roque Marcelo H. del Pilar National High School December 2013 Acknowledgement We would like to acknowledge our former teacher in research Mrs. Kathyryn Alvarez for teaching us the basics of research. Without her, we would not know anything about research. We would also like to acknowledge our current teacher in research Mrs. Marilyn Roque for guiding us in our research and for teaching us additional information about research. We would like to thank her for giving us enough time for our research. Abstract The†¦show more content†¦This study will help you know if social networking sites help students in achieving their goals or if they only slow them down. B. Background of the study When theses social networking sites became popular, many people used it including adults and teenagers. The reason why these sites became popular is because of their special features like communication through the internet, games that can be played and also meeting someone without actual communication. Examples of the social networking sites are Facebook, Twitter, Friendster, Tumblr, Omegle and many more. The said examples leading users are teenagers who are also students. We decided to make this research because the students that are using social networking sites might become addicted and their attention for studying might be used for using these social networking sites. C. Significance of the Study The purpose of study is to assess the effect of social networking sites on students’ academic performance and student’s behaviour. The variables that determine the use of social networking sites as the independent variable and the dependent variables are students’ academic performance and student’s behaviour. 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Oecd Oecd Development Economic Growth - 1335 Words

OECD Development Economic Growth IN Australia ABSTRACT: Organization for Economic Co-operation (OECD) was established in 1961. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is one of the biggest reliable sources of economic, statistical and social data. OECD works with government to share experience of different situation and seek solutions to common problems that the country can overcome the barrier. They research and analyze the country economy, social, environmental changes and gather all data from various sources as much can compare those data for future trends as can predict. Australia has been an active member with OECD since 1971 and ranking of†¦show more content†¦Australian economy is booming and faces a main short –term outlook. Australia has a three speed or multi-speed economy that means three different sources makes build the economy strong. Western Australia holds the nation strongest economy growth compared to other states in Australia. â€Å"Australia long period of uninterrupted economic growth makes it the Iron Man among the OECD countries† said OECD secretary General Angel Gurria . the table is given below the economic comparison chart with different countries . Figure: 2 The table illustrates that Australia is fastest growing economic compare to others countries. Unemployment rate is lesser than AA countries. In addition, inflation rate is higher than more countries but still lower than 3%. However Australia current account balance is expected to deteriorate. It probably can impact number of factors such as growing investment, mining, imports , trade and interest rate on external borrowing. OECD thinks Australia needs to improve Australia’s tax system and macroeconomic polices. The average income worker in Australia confront a tax burden in terms of their income 27.4% tax wedge in 2013 compared to OECD average of 35.9%. Here is given below the overview charts for Australia: †¢ Between 2000 and 2013, the tax burden single average income decreased of 3.6 percentages from 31.0%. †¢ The corresponding figures for OECD was reduced by 0.8 % from 2000 to 2013 but also increased 0.8% between

Symbolism in “A Rose for Emily” by William Faulkner Free Essays

Abel Girma Mr. Lucky English Language and Literature IB Y1 04 September 2012 Word Count: 1087 The Consciousness of Symbolism in â€Å"A Rose For Emily† â€Å"Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron-gray hair† read the last lines of â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, a short story written by the American author and Nobel Prize laureate William Faulkner, published in 1931. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner or any similar topic only for you Order Now These last words put a shocking and rather disturbing end to this piece depicting the strange life of Emily Grierson, and her obdurate refusal to adapt to changes in her life, living in her own non-transforming world. Various symbols are used throughout the text although Faulkner did not use any kind of conscious symbolism. The validity of this claim lies in his Nobel Prize in Literature acceptance speech, his biography and his interview on the meaning of â€Å"A rose for Emily†. Emily Grierson is portrayed as â€Å"A fallen monument† from the very beginning of the story as the narrator starts to describe the ceremonial procedures following her death. Soon after, her home, a â€Å"house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies. † (Section I of â€Å"A Rose for Emily) Is adjacently undermined as â€Å"an eyesore among eyesores † (Section I of â€Å"A Rose for Emily), invaded by the deteriorating and industrialized neighborhood that used to be an illustriously reputed neighborhood in the 1970s. This is a fine example of symbolism used in the text as it gives an inkling of the stubbornness in which Emily, a southern woman has lived her life cleaved to the past and immersed in old southern traditions. Similarly, the â€Å"Rose† in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a thought-provoking symbol due to the fact that it is never mentioned throughout the totality of the story. The interpretations of the â€Å"Rose† are unbounded and debatable. It can be understood as being a rose of sympathy Faulkner would like to dedicate to Emily for she had lived an undeniably grim life of solitude and misery. It can equally be interpreted as a rose representing the love Emily desperately needed in her life but never truly found, seeing as a rose generally symbolizes love in most cultures. Likewise, another shock kindling and incontestably pivotal symbol in the story is confined within the last sentence, â€Å"the long strand of iron-gray hair†. These last words reveal the gruesome moral depravity in which Emily lived a great part of her life, sleeping beside the decaying corpse of Homer, the first potential true-love in Emily’s life that decided to leave her soon after they started spending a lot of time together. The strand of hair symbolizes the often heretical path which people cross in the quest for love. There is not a clear enough correlation between most of the symbols and what they symbolize for them to have been an application of conscious symbolism. Furthermore Faulkner himself has ascertained that he doesn’t rely on consciously using symbolism to channel his philosophies as an author. Effectively, William Faulkner blatantly denies using any conscious symbolism. He explains: â€Å"I was simply trying to write about people [†¦] it was no intention of the writer to say, Now let’s see, I’m going to write a piece in which I will use a symbolism [†¦]† (extract from the interview â€Å"A Meaning of â€Å"A Rose for Emily†). This quotation further validates the argument that the symbolism used by Faulkner was unintentional. Ray Bradbury, one of the most renowned American writers of the 20th century explains his take on this topic in a response to a letter from a 16 year old student in 1963. The student wanted to know more about the use of symbolism in literary works so Bradbury stated that â€Å"I never consciously place symbolism in my writing. That would be a self-conscious exercise and self-consciousness is defeating to any creative act. [†¦ ] The best symbolism is always unsuspected and natural. Faulkner also describes his main interest as a writer as being about â€Å"the human heart in conflict with itself† (Nobel Prize acceptance speech). Thus, his sole purpose as a writer goes against the act of using conscious symbolism. Accordingly, in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, he tells the outlandish, yet compelling story of Miss Emily Grierson’s internal conflict in the pursuit of ha ppiness and love that leads her to unorthodox – even satanic – acts. Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† offers symbols with limitless interpretations and therefore proves to a considerable extent that the use of those symbols weren’t conscious. Moreover, It would be contumelious not to agree with the author when he denies the use of conscious symbolism. Symbolism in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is consistently present and plays a major role in the possible readers’ interpretations of the story’s message. However, the use of symbols in a literary work is inevitable and isn’t always a product of a conscious act. This means that the fact that there is symbolism in the text isn’t a contradiction to the author’s initial goal which is writing a mere ghost story inspired by â€Å"a picture of a strand of hair on the pillow in the abandoned house. (Interview on The Meaning of â€Å"A Rose for Emily†). Consequently, the unconscious symbolisms within the story give it sophistication and depth due to its readers’ interpretations, not due to the immoral act of imposing symbolism upon them. The American author Isaac Asimov encompasses the answer to the controversy of the use of symboli sm in his response to the same letter about from the 16 year old student: â€Å"Consciously? Heavens, no! Unconsciously? How can one avoid it? † Faulkner did not use conscious symbolism in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. Numerous applications of symbolism are present in this short ghost-story and they do hold a non-negligible position in the overall meaning of the piece based on each readers’ understanding of them. Nevertheless, the literary virtuoso, William Faulkner did not intentionally place these symbols as a means to convey his message in a latent manner. In lieu of doing so, he straight-forwardly wrote a simple ghost-story containing inevitable symbols. As a matter of fact, we may ask ourselves: to what extent is the conscious use of symbolism in literature in order to convey message, efficient and effective? How to cite Symbolism in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, Essay examples

Case Study on Newborn Behavioral State

Question- Observe a newborn less than three month of age either via a video or real-life observation?Write a paper based on the questions below: A. What behavioral stated did you observe? B. Describe what normal development for the newborn? C. What was the dominant behavior state? D. What motor characteristics did you observe? E. What reflexes and patterns did you observe ? F. What seemed to calm the infant? G. Describe the infant's interactive patterns? Peter is a month old. He has brown eyes and short, fine black hair. The shape of his eyes is like almonds and he has a very fair complexion. He is lying in the cradle which stands on the rockers. The room setting is very comfortable and seems to be furnished keeping in mind the comfort and safety of Peter. The behavior of any infant is governed by the state, temperament and the ability of the infant to self regulate. Peters behavior is often in form of cues or the activities that signal towards his needs (Lake, K., 2015). When Peter is given a toy, he widens his eyes and his face brightens up. He focuses his attention on the object of attention. When his father walks past him, Peters eyes follow him and he even turns his head. Peter is able to identify and distinguish any sound, especially if his mother calls him. He pays attention to the sounds of interest like the ones that are high pitched and rhythmic (Government of Western Australia, 2002). Sometimes, he also widens his eyes and becomes still, focusing all his attention on the coming sound. The newborn babies do not have the understanding of their being a separate individual. During the first three months, the child cries because of something happening inside his body. He cannot understand feelings and likes to be cuddled or hearing the soothing voice of their mother. They do not like feeling hungry or frightened. Physically, they have immature eye muscles and can see things that are close by (March of Dimes, 2003). They can move their body but do not know how to move each part of their body. New born babies can express themselves only by crying or making faces. They cannot speak and so they cry in different tones to convey what they want (Government of Western Australia, 2002). The dominant behavior state of Peter is his brightened and widened eyes. Whenever he sees any familiar face, he smiles and his eyes become big and bright. When he hears his mother or father call his name, he starts making noises and laughs (Government of Western Australia, 2002). He seems very happy. The gross motor development is still immature as Peter does not know how to control the movement of his head. He generally requires someone to hold his head for support. Being just a month old, he does not know how to sit or crawl or start to walk. The fine motor skills are also absent. However, Peter likes to touch the toys that hang on the bar that is fixed on his cradle. He lifts head when prone on tummy and kicks his legs (Government of Western Australia, 2002). His eyes are lined up most of the time. Just like the newborns vary in their behaviour, they also vary in their reflexes. When Peters cheek is struck, he tilts his head towards the same side and opens his mouth. Similarly, when his mouth is touched, he opens his mouth and makes sucking movements. He also shows grasp reflex as well (Lake, K., 2015). When his palm is touched with a finger, he grabs hold of the finger. Other patterns that are observed in Peter range from the cues of engagement like smiling, hand to mouth activity, wide open eyes, grasping hold of the mother or fathers hand or other smooth motor movements. However, some of the disengagement cues that are also observed are hiccoughing, becoming apple red in color, falling asleep, crying loudly along with agitated movements or jerky movements (Government of Western Australia, 2002). Peter is more of a smiling baby than a cry baby. He is easily calmed down by his parents simple by their talking or making faces. But in extreme situations, when Peter is uncontrollable, it takes lot of efforts for his parents to soothe him. Some of the options that seem to work for consoling Peter are picking him up, rocking him, feeding him, swaddling him, changing the wet or dirty diaper or simply talking to him in slow and modulated voice/ tone. Peters parents believe that if they cater to these habits of him every time, it would spoil him. So they try to control themselves instead of immediately responding to the cues that are sent by Peter (Government of Western Australia, 2002). Eventually, Peter starts moving his hands to his mouth or starts sucking his fingers, as a maneuver to self control himself (Nover, A., 1985). The interactive pattern of every newborn baby is different from other babies. Peter tries to understand what is being said to him and if he finds it intimidating or frightening, then he starts crying. The latter happens majorly when the people with whom Peter is not familiar, try to talk to him or cuddle him or lift him up. If any known face tries to initiate a conversation with him, he responds by making sounds and understanding what is being said to him (Nover, A., 1985). He also starts kicking his feet and moving his hands in air in order to show the expression of happiness or comfort. Peter can now recognize the face of his mother and father. Still he is unfamiliar with the other family members. Even though his big sister plays with him often, he starts crying if he does not see his mother around. Also if anyone else tries to pick him up or cuddle him, his makes faces and eventually starts crying (Nover, A., 1985). All the babies are born different and have different rates of development. The research has shown that mostly the trend of growth and development of all types of skills follows same pattern but if a child does not show effective signs then the parents can consider talking with the doctor and finding out a more efficient way of encouraging development of the child. At first the child does not know what is happy or sad or being comfortable. But gradually they learn to recognize the smell or the voice of the person who feeds them or spends most of the time with them, like their mother (Roland, D., 2010). They are learning all the time and the responsibility of the parents is to help them know that they are welcomed in this world where their needs will be met and they will learn to feel safe and loved. REFERENCES Government of Western Australia. (2002). Child development 0-3 months. Department of health. Lake, K. (2015). Sample child observation paper. Retrieved on 26th January 2015. March of Dimes. (2003). Understanding the behavior of term infants. Perinatal nursing education. Nover, A. (1985). Mother-infant interactive play: theory and practical application. Child and Adolescent Social work Journal, 2(1): 22-35. Roland, D. (2010). The Newborn Early Warning (NEW) system: development of an at-risk infant intervention system. Early warning scores, 6(4).

International Business Law Adamant and Beneficial Agreement

Question: You are asked to advise the Government of the Republic of San Martin with regard to a trade agreement that it is considering entering into with the United States. Until recently, the Republic had a centrally-planned economy and allowed foreign investment only under very strict conditions. In February 2015, however, a new government came to power, which is somewhat more outward looking. Advise the Ministry of Trade of the issues that it should consider when deciding whether to enter into a trade agreement with the U.S., or indeed any jurisdiction, and what safeguards should be included as clauses to such an agreement. Answer: Introduction Agreements regarding Trade can form opportunities for Americans and facilitates to raise the economy of United States. USTR has primary responsibility for administering U.S. agreements trade. Through, this agreement U.S. govt. supervises the implementation of their trading partners' trade agreements with the United States, America's rights become compulsory under these agreements. The signing of these Trade Agreements makes the President's Trade Policy advance. The United States is Member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The United States has Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) in effect with 20 countries. There are other types of Trade Agreements known as, Trade and Investment Framework Agreement. It helps the government by providing a framework where they can discuss and resolve any issues related to trade and investment. Issues Recently the United States settle the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) with number of 11 Asia-Pacific countries such as Australia, Canada, Japan, Singapore, Brunei Darussalam, Chile, New Zealand, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru and Vietnam. Trans-Pacific Partnership is a comprehensive type agreement that is why it become widely spread open markets, set high-standard trade rules and deal with the 21st centurys issues in the global economy. There also have many other problems related to Free Trade Agreement. They are as follows- Unrealistic Policy Policy of Free Trade depends on the theory of laissez-faire or government non-involvement. Its achievement also requires the prerequisite of ideal competition. However, these types of conditions are impractical and do not exist in the actual world. Non-Cooperation of countries Policy of Free Trade works effortlessly, if all the countries works together with each another and obeys the rules of this policy. If the countries started to decide to acquire more by imposing import restrictions, then the structure of free trade cannot work. Economic Dependence Free Trade enhances the economic dependence on the other countries for some basic products such as food, raw materials, etc. During wartime, particularly this relationship proves too much harmful to that country. Political Slavery Free trade leads to economic dependence, and hence this economic dependence shows the ways to political slavery. Therefore, financial independence is essential for political freedom, and this requires desertion of free trade. Unbalanced Development Due to Free Trade Policy and consequential international specialisation, it shows the way to the uneven development of national economy. Only those sectors of the country are developing under this system, which has comparative advantage whereas, the remaining segments are undeveloped. Dumping Free trade leads to competitive competition and dumping. Under dumping, the goods sold at a very low price. Sometimes they sold the products below their production cost due to capture the foreign markets. Harmful Products Under free trade they may produce, buy, and sell dangerous and injurious products. That is why during import of such dangerous and detrimental products Trade Restrictions are necessary to verify and check. International Monopolies Sometimes free trade may show the way to international monopolies. It promotes the establishment of various multinational corporations (MNCs). These businesses try to acquire monopoly position by destroying the interest of local people. Reduction in Welfare of Certain Groups While free trade has a tendency to maximize the world production of goods and services, at the same time it may spoil the welfare of different panel in each country. Under free trade, the production of those goods in which the country has comparative advantage has a tendency to increase the export demand and the production of those goods in which the country has comparative disadvantage deals due to pressure from import rivalry. That is why the actual income of the groups occupied in the export industries will increase, and the real income of the groups held in the import industries will decrease. Harmful to Less Developed Countries The following reasons that free trade is dangerous for the less developed countries are as follows- Under free trade, competition is not fair and very harmful. The less developed countries face too many difficulties to compete with the economically advanced nations. Dependent on the level of improvement of different countries of trade are unfairly distribute in Free Trade policy. The conditions of trade are favourable for developed countries than poor or underdeveloped countries. Poorly developed countries face the adverse balance of payments. Under free trade policy, the negative dues of payments are not solvable. Under free trade policy, the underdeveloped countries cannot protect their newborn industries. Free trade may create danger situation for a financial and civic independence of the underdeveloped nations. The Obama Administration follows the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) to open the opportunities American workers, manufacturers, farmers, service providers and ranchers. Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) will be a comprehensive agreement, which provides new and meaningful market access for goods and services. Effect User Choice Generally, users feel he profits of free trade. When goods are imported of other countries, then consumers have options to choice from wide range of variety of brands and styles. Sometimes the imported products are of same quality at lower price. Sometimes the goods may be of inferior quality. For example, there is a small price coat made of synthetic materials made in Mexico, and there is another pure wool coat made in America at much higher price. Now the consumer has to decide about their priorities at the time of choosing the product. Competition When a user wants the imported goods and services from different countries, then local companies have to put in more effort than the foreign countries to make sure that customers still want local products. For example, nowadays French banks compete with Spanish, German, and Dutch banks for investment product sales and accounts. French banks have more incentive than other banks to offer better interest rates, products, and services. Threats And Protectionism Quite a few countries are opposed to free trade due to the fact they may protect some individual companies, industries, and classes of jobs. Extra-terrestrial competition may undercut the labour cost and make threats to the industry. For example, Suppose America has free transaction with China then it might be a grave concern for the American automotive industry. After that, the labours in chinas factory or industry earn lower wages as they produced manufacture goods at low price. However, American workers want higher wages. The United States has invested significant public resources in getting its automobile manufacturers back on their feet to help protect the trades brought by that industry, which is a large amount of the U.S. economy. Impacts The literature offers clear guidance to policymakers in numerous areas. It is excellent at estimating the effect of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) on the parties trade flows. All controlled quality primary studies determine business growth and found that the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) has the positive effect in some cases, and nobody found it to be negative. However, in some cases, the estimated trade impact is considerable; in others, it is unassuming and discovered that some partners gained nothing. Growths of trade generate new jobs, raise incomes, and encourage economic development. Benefits of u.s. Free trade agreements The United States has executed 14 free trade agreements (FTA) with an overall of 20 countries. The United States also plays a part in consultation of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) with countries of the Asia-Pacific and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (T-TIP) with the European Union. Australia Free Trade Agreement (FTA) consultations between the United States and Australia bring to a close in February 2004. Because the fact that, the agreement went into force in January 2005. The United States- Australia Free Trade Agreement (FTA) has inspired 104% increase in the United States trade surplus with Australia. In 2013, the United States sold to other countries around $26.1 billion in goods and brought in within the countries around $9.2 billion in Australian products. Bahrain The United States- Bahrain Free Trade Agreement (FTA) has implemented in August 2006. This Free Trade Agreement has increased the opportunities for selling American products outside the country and raised the business value of America. From 2005 to 2013, the United States exports $1 billion to Bahrain, which increases the trade surplus by 190%, imports $635.6 million from Bahrain, and increased the business surplus by 47.2%. Central American Free Trade Agreement (Cafta-Dr) COSTA RICA: In Costa Rica CAFTA-DR put into action from 1st January 2009. The President of United States has signed the implementing legislation on 2nd August 2005. In 2013, the American industries exports around $7.2 billion amount of products as well as services to Costa Rica and imports around $11.9 billion from Costa Rica. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: In Dominican Republic CAFTA-DR put into action from March 2007. In 2013, the American firms exported around $7.1 billion in products and services to Dominican Republic and imports around $4.2 billion amount of goods from the Dominican Republic. The United States increased the trade excess with the Dominican Republic by 254% and raised value of American business. EL SALVADOR: In El Salvador CAFTA-DR put into action from March 2006. After implementing CAFTA-DR, the bilateral trade liaison between the United States along with El Salvador has flourished. Within 2005 - 2013, the United States exports $3.2 billion in goods to El Salvador and increase the trade surplus by 76%. In the year of 2013, the United States brought in around $2.4 billion amount of products from the firms of El Salvador. GUATEMALA: In Guatemala CAFTA-DR put into action from July 2008. In the year of 2013, the United States exports $5.5 billion amount of goods to Guatemala as well as imports $4.1 billion amount of goods from Guatemala and increase American trade surplus by 95%. HONDURAS: In Honduras CAFTA-DR put into action from April 2006. In 2013, the business firms of the United States exported around $5.3 billion in products and services to Honduras. The U.S. business export has increased by 65%. The United States imports around $4.5 billion amount of products from Honduras. NICARAGUA: In Nicaragua CAFTA-DR put into action from April 2006. In 2013, the business firms of the United States exported around $1.06 billion in products and services to Nicaragua. The U.S. business export has increased by 69%. The United States imports around $2.8 billion amount of products from Nicaragua. USTR CAFTA-DR CHILE: From implementing the United States- Chile Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in the year of 2004, January, the American export business has increased by 545%. In the year of 2013, the United States exported over $17.5 billion amount of goods to Chile. In 2011, the United States imported $10.3 billion amount of goods from Chile as well as increased the trade surplus of America by 180% under the Free Trade Agreement (FTA). COLOMBIA: Discussions between Colombia and the United States bring to a close in February 2006, but the agreement put into service on 15th May 2012. According to the Free Trade Agreement (FTA), Colombia removes their barricades to do business. Moreover, provide a safe, expected legal framework for the investors of the United States functioning in Colombia, make available for successful enforcement of labour as well as environmental laws, take care of the rational property, and offer a sound system to resolve disputes. In the year of 2013, the United States imported around $21.6 billion in products from Colombia and exports around $18.3 billion in goods and services to Colombia. ISRAEL: The United States- Israel Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is countrys first free trade agreement. In Israel, it put into action on 1st September 1985. In 2013, the business firms of United States exported around 413.7 billion amount of products to Israel and imported $22.8 billion amount of products from Israel. JORDAN: The U.S.Jordan free trade agreement (FTA) implemented in the year of 2001, December. In 2013, United States exported over $2 billion in goods to Jordan and increased the export trade surplus by 514%. The United States imports from $229 million in the year of 2001 to $1.1 billion in 2013 in goods from Jordan, which increase the trade surplus by 422%. MOROCCO: The U.S. Morocco free trade agreement (FTA) implemented in January 2006. The United States exports over $2.4 billion in goods to Morocco and increase the American business by 514%. The United States imports $977 million in goods from Morocco and increase the business surplus by 119%. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) CANADA: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) come into action at the beginning of January 1994. In 2013, United States exported $301 billion amount of U.S. goods to Canada. The United States export business surplus has increased by 200%. At the same period, the United States imports goods from Canada rose by 199 % in 1993 to $332 billion in 2013. MEXICO: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) put into action at the beginning of January 1994. In 2013, United States exported nearly $226 billion in U.S. goods to Mexico. The United States export business surplus has increased by 443%. At the same time, the United States imports goods from Mexico rose by 602 % in 1993 to $280 billion in 2013. Ustr Nafta OMAN: Oman is the fifth Middle Eastern country who signs a free trade agreement (FTA) with the United States. The U.S. - Oman free trade agreement come into force in January 2009. The United States exports $1.02 billion amount of American-made products to Oman and imports $1.5 billion in products from Oman. PANAMA: In October 2011, Panama trade promotion agreement was signed by the president of United States, Barack Obama. It put into action on 31st October 2012. The whole trade agreement eliminates the tariff and other barricades to the trade of products and services, spread out the business relation between the Panama and United States, and encourage financial growth and opportunities. Due to this agreement, almost 90perecnt of tariffs on the industrial merchandise immediately reduce. In 2013, United States exported around $10.5 billion in American- made products to Panama and imports around $448 millions in goods from Panama. PERU: The United States Peru Trade Promotion Agreement is signed and comes into action in December 2007. In 2013, the United States imported $8.1 billion in goods from Peru and increased the trade surplus by 38% while the business firms of United States exports $10.1 billion in goods to Peru and increases the business surplus by 245%. SINGAPORE: In Singapore free trade agreement (FTA), come into action from January 2004. The business surplus of United States increases by 801% to $12.8 billion with Singapore. The United States exports $30.6 billion in American products to Singapore and imports $17.8 billion in goods from Singapore. SOUTH KOREA: The Korea United States Free Trade Agreement (KORUS-FTA) comes into practice on 15th March 2012. The agreement signifies the United States most commercially important FTA in over ten years. Korea is the sixth largest partner in trade with the United States. In 2013, the United States exported $41 billion in American products to South Korea while from Korea the United States imports $62 billion in Korean products. The KORUS-FTA increases the business and investment flows between these two countries transverse through a broad list of sectors Disadvantages Of Free Trade Agreements Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are deals between two or more than two countries to lower business barricades such as taxes and import quotas. These agreements make easy for the countries to buy and sell the products from each other. These agreements can also cause many serious problems. The problems are as follows Labour Practices Due to free trade agreements (FTAs) it becomes easier for a big trade to bring in merchandise from developing countries as lower trade barricades allow the bid industries to take benefit of cheap labour costs. The problem is that cheap labour often has a high human expenditure. Environmental Destruction Free trade agreement (FTA) can cause massive environmental damage by permitting companies to transfer their manufacturing amenities to nations with few or no environmental policies and by increasing right to use the natural resources in those countries. Previous to the North American, Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) become law in 1993; there has a little requirement for timber and metal ores from Mexico. In 2014, a report passed where it is found that the Sierra Club declares that NAFTA encouraged the creation of poorly synchronized, highly caustic mining operations in Mexico that cannot exist without the trade agreement. Loss Of Domestic Industry Sometimes Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) frequently damage a nation's local productions by exposing them into a contest with foreign producers with lower costs. For example, the United States industries get damage due low labour costs in Mexico. That is why the Mexican manufacturers have allowed undercutting the American producers. The "noodle bowl." However, the proponents of free trade agreements (FTAs) highlight their capability to develop economic efficiency. Some contracts can produce complex networks of guidelines that harm the business. The problem is that every bilateral business deal consists of various instructions defining tax rates, products, a point of origins, and other features of the firm. So many numbers of different bilateral deals in the world create legal complications for buyers and sellers. According to Global Accounting Alliance, all complications can increase the transaction costs for businesses for which frequently they have to appoint lawyers and accountants to find the way to a harsh environment. Conclusions Free Trade Agreement is an adamant and beneficial agreement; this is an excellent agreement for the manufacturers. While accepting the challenges faced by U.S. car makers, the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) result in the elimination of Korea's 8% tax on U.S. automotive accessories. This agreement will consist of an investor-state dispute settlement provision. Once a free trade agreement has brought to close, it needs to be verified lawfully, signed and then approved by the government of the parties those who are concerned in this agreement. Changes to legislation may be required. For this reason, the FTA takes time from when the discussions are finished to when the agreement implemented.

The Scarlet Letter Vs. The Crusible Essays - Film, Fiction

The Scarlet Letter Vs. The Crusible When the topic of a Puritanical society is brought up, most people think of a rigorous, conservative, highly devout society. While this may have usually been the case, this was not always so. The Puritan society was also known not to act out of brotherly, Christian love, but to cruelly lash out on those who sinned or were deemed unfit for society. Two works of literature that display both aspects of this society very accurately are The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and The Crucible, by Arthur Miller. The Scarlet Letter displays a society that treats two people very differently who commit the sin of adultery together. The woman, Hester Prynne, admits her sin, is forced to always wear a scarlet letter A on her bosom, and is ostracized from society. The man, Reverend Dimmesdale, who hides his sin from the world, is almost worshipped by the townspeople, but is filled with the dishonor of his action. Hawthorne illustrates how insensitive a Puritan society can be to those who adm it their sinful actions. The Crucible is a play that reveals the story of the famous witchcraft trials in Salem, Massachusetts. In the story, Abigail Williams, the orphaned niece of the town?s minister, Reverend Parris, is the main person who accuses people of sending their spirits on her and the other girls. What starts as children dancing in the woods leads to the accusation and execution of many innocent people for witchcraft. The two works of literature, The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter have very similar qualities, including setting, difference, and general aspects of the characters, while there are also specific parallels between characters, such as Abigail and Hester, and Parris and Dimmesdale. The settings in both The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible are similar in many ways. The Scarlet Letter takes place around the 1640s, as The Crucible occurs in 1692. The time period is very important in both pieces, because it is a time of religious intolerance and a conservative attitude pervades in New England, where both works of literature take place. This Puritan setting is also very important in both works of literature. The reason behind the townspeople persecuting sinners is because of the Puritan beliefs of the time period. This is the driving force between the actions of the characters. The setting of a religiously intolerant village is also the main reason behind the conflict that lies in each plot. The conflicts in both works of literature are also similar. The same thing, the excessively devout town in which the setting takes place, causes them both. The conflict in The Scarlet Letter that occurs between Dimmesdale, Hester, and Chillingworth; is caused by the town?s intolerance for sinners. Hester?s life is spent in complete loneliness because of the way the town treats her. Chillingworth, Hester?s past husband, is like most of the townspeople, because he feels the need to punish and inflict pain on sinners, especially those who have personally harmed him. Chillingworth tries to gain revenge on Dimmesdale, the man who commits adultery with his wife. The town?s desire to seek out and personally condemn sinners is also the source of conflict in The Crucible. In The Crucible, the townspeople hunt out the witches in the community as an attempt to rid the town of evil. In both, the conflict is caused by the town?s self appointed right to rancorously persecute and punish anyone who is found sinning. The conflict is also similar because both towns are generally the same. They are both located in the same general area of America, which causes the people to have similar beliefs and traditions. This includes the townspeople, and the general aspects of the characters. The general aspects of characters are also similar in both The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible. Both have a main antagonist, who wishes to punish sinners. In The Scarlet Letter, this person is Roger Chillingworth, who wants to gain revenge on Dimmesdale, and in The Crucible, the antagonist is Abigail Williams, the girl who mainly accuses the people of being witches. In addition, both works of literature include ignorant townspeople who contribute to the main conflict. In The Scarlet Letter, these people