An Academic Narrative

Behind every work there is a story. Often, the story can better explain why a work looks the way it does than can any formal academic argument. The present work started as a Doctoral thesis. So here is its much abbreviated story. Choosing the topic I have been fascinated by what monuments mean to people ever since my Hamburg M. A. thesis of 1993, in which I investigated empirically the contemporaneous meanings of three selected megaliths and menhirs in Germany. Having come to Lampeter later the same year, I wrote a second M. A. thesis also about the various meanings of megaliths, but this time focussing on the theoretical background of Radical Constructivism and Reception Theory as well as on prehistoric and historic case-studies. As I had to make a decision about my Ph. D. research topic early in 1994, this topic seemed to be interesting and promising to pursue further. I chose later prehistory as a time period, since I was mainly interested in working with evidence of material cult ure. In excluding earlier periods as well as the Medieval age, I hoped to avoid dealing with possible continuities of burial traditions and ancestor cults during the Neolithic up until the early Bronze Age on the one hand, and with the quite complex problem of using written sources in arguments about historic periods on the other. Since I started my work in 1994, the basic theme proved feasible and has stayed virtually the same; however, I modified my exact line of argument on several occasions. These changes are reflected in various outlines and abstracts which I wrote at different points in time. Although empirical detail has a certain irresistible attraction to me (as well as a considerable rhetorical power), the theoretical aspects of my work, such as thoughts about past and present, have always (and perhaps over the years increasingly) been more important to me than the details of the archaeology of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern provided an almost ideal study area, not only because of the excellent state of research on megaliths there (largely due to the work of Ewald Schuldt), but also because I felt very attracted to the beautiful coastal landscape. My research in the area was greatly helped by virtually all the local archaeologists, who patiently answered my questions and gave further suggestions. On several occasions, however, one senior archaeologist tried effectively to stop my research (I don't know why). This seemed at first to threaten the entire project, but as time went on, this person's activities proved to be less critical for my work than I had feared. Finding material to work with One of my biggest challenges from the start was to find enough relevant material evidence on which to build a larger argument. I was already confident after having looked at the regional literature in the library of the Institute of Archaeology in London, and undertaking an explorative visit to the sites and monuments record (Ortsaktenarchiv) of the Landesamt fur Bodendenkmalpflege in Lubstorf, both early in 1995. I became entirely convinced of the feasibility of my project during an extended visit of the study area during the summer of 1995. After just over two weeks of concentrated work with the records, I provided the basis for my later analysis by documenting on specially designed forms, the evidence for later prehistoric receptions at almost 1200 megaliths. That summer, I also visited several libraries and photocopied many relevant texts, which were not otherwise available to me at Lampeter. During a second visit to Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in the late summer of 1996 I visited even more sites, consulted libraries again and discussed various issues with local archaeologists. I closed gaps in my reading by using the very efficient interlibrary loan service at Lampeter, spending two weeks in the libraries of Cambridge and in the British Library in March 1996, and consulting the British Library for another few days in September 1997. Interpreting the evidence in wider terms On the basis of the promising evidence I had collected, and the associated archaeological literature I had read, it was always clear that for interesting interpretations I would need exciting ideas, rather than additional evidence or access to even more archaeological literature. My interest was, after all, first and foremost in the meanings of ancient monuments, and not in any particular archaeological period or area. I decided early on to combine my archaeological work with references to various other related themes and topics. Later prehistory would be supplemented by evidence from later historic periods as well from the present. The actual receptions of megaliths, which I could see in the record, would be put in the context of wider meanings of monuments. Ancient monuments and conceptions of the past in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern would be associated with completely different archaeological and anthropological contexts. All this was to be put into practice by using hypermedia technology. My original application document and further discussions about my plan to submit my work on the Internet, and then on CD-Rom, led me to think more about the characteristics and significance of hypermedia links in the text. As a consequence, the idea of making sense by making connections became more and more important to me, and developed perhaps into one of the most important arguments of my work. Originally, I constructed the thesis on many small cards each representing one ‘page'; they were ordered by a systematic number code but this was more a way of structuring my writing process than a hidden linear structure in my argument! Coming up with results What I now present is colourful, diverse, empirically rich and (hopefully) intellectually stimulating. I have produced a work that takes a decisively interpretive approach and rejects the metaphor of the law court, according to which the task of the archaeologist is to establish the truth about the past, or to construct a story plausible beyond reasonable doubt, in order for the judge or jury to reach a verdict about what actually happened (Shanks 1992: 54–56). What really happened in the past does not matter much to me. This work is not about the past, but rather about certain parts of the present, although it deals with the past and refers to archaeological evidence. I hope to show that there are a great number of possible meanings of ancient monuments, and that we can reach interpretations and make sense of something by making connections. Perhaps more importantly, I hope to demonstrate in my work that past and present are united and cannot be separated from each other. In saying this I do not argue that different archaeological and historical contexts could not be distinguished from one another. My point is much broader: the past is only meaningful within the particular history culture and as a contribution to the cultural memory of each present. I do not know if there could be a present without a past (except perhaps for small babies and some animals as well as in certain medical conditions? ), but there can certainly be no past without a present. Ancient monuments in our landscapes intrigue me. Perhaps this is the beauty of my approach, and of my work: people in later prehistory and today, including myself, find themselves in very much the same situation. They make sense in one way or another of the ancient monuments they come across in the landscape. The object of study in this work is, therefore, also the studying subject, and the results of my study describe its approach too.

As Said by Mark Twain

Eiffel Tower, built in 1889 and named after its designer and engineer Gustave Eiffel is one of the most famous architectural structure in the world. ————————————————- Eiffel Tower is observation & radio broadcasting tower, it is 324 meters tall, and tallest building in Paris, also second tallest in the whole of France. It was also tallest man-made structure of the world from 1889 to 1930. Stonehenge, United Kingdom Stonehenge is an amazing structure built of standing stones in a circular form.It is one of the most ancient structures of the world, believed to built before 2000 B. C. Stonehenge has been destroyed several times, and the present day structure is believed to be remains of the structure built in 1600 B. C. ————————————————- Stonehenge is owned by Th e Crown and is also a  UNESCO  World Heritage Site. It is managed by English Heritage and National Trust. Saint Basil's Cathedral, Russia Saint Basil's Cathedral is a Russian Orthodox Church built in 16th century in Moscow. It is operated as State Historical Museum and is a property of Russian Federation.The design of the building forms a shape like that of flame of bonfire rising to the sky. ————————————————- Saint Basil's Cathedral is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy Leaning Tower of Pisa is a unique structure, leaned at one side. It is campanile in the Italian city of Pisa. ————————————————- The Tower is 56. 70 high, 4. 09m wide and leaned at 3. 99 degrees. The construction of the tower started in 1173 and was completed in 1372. T he tower has eight stories, including chamber of bells.It was not planned originally as a something like this, but during the construction it started leaning, and today although it weighs more than 14,000 metric tons, miraculously and proudly stands as one of the most beautiful structures of the world. Statue of Liberty, United States of America The  Statue of Liberty  is a sculpture of Libertas, Roman Goddess of Freedom, situated in United States of America. The statue designed by Frederic Bartholdi, was a gift from People of France to USA. The statue was inscribed on July 4, 1776, on the date of American Declaration of Independence.There is a broken chain at the feet of the statue, representing icon of freedom of United States. ————————————————- The statue is 93 meters high and has more than 3 million visitors annually. It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Christ The Redeemer, Brazil Christ The Redeemer, located in Brazil, is one of the Seven Wonders of the World, it is also the fifth largest statue of Jesus Christ, and largest Art Deco statue in the World. ————————————————- Built between 1921 and 1931, The statue is 39. 6m. tall, 30m wide, and weighs over 600 tonnes.

An Analysis of Les Miserables’ Bring Him Home Essay

One of the most popular songs in Les Miserables is the song entitled Bring Him Home. It is sung by Jean Valjean in Act II of Les Miserables as a form of prayer to God in order for a young man named Marius to be able to return home to the woman he loves, Cosette (Guy & Llewelyn-Jones, ). The story behind the song is that Cosette was an orphan whom Jean Valjean had cared for who fell in love with the young man named Marius. However, Marius had become involved in a series of anti-government riots, which puts her relationship with Cosette in a very awkward position. Jean Valjean decides to help Marius get back to Cosette, and this song was his prayer (Guy and Llewelyn-Jones, ). The prominent theme in the song is the longing for the safety of another individual. It was, in a sense, finding happiness in the happiness of another, and the singer, Valjean, indicated that he wanted the young boy named Maruis to be able to be brought home safely, back to the arms of Cosette. Valjean sings to the Lord, appealing to Him, and trying to reason to Him, that Marius deserved to be able to go home. He sings: â€Å"He is young, he’s afraid, let him rest, heaven blessed. Bring him home. Bring him home. Bring him home† (NIEHS, n. d. ). Valjean goes on to sing that if he had a son, it would have been Marius, and despite the anti-government riots Marius had participated on, Valjean believes that he is a good man and he deserves to be able to have a shot at life for he is very young. In fact, Valjean even sings that: â€Å"You can take, you can give, let him be let him live. If I die, let me die. Let him leave, bring him home† (NIEHS, n. d. ). If one is to read this carefully, it would mean that Valjean’s song is saying that, it does not matter if he dies, as long as God spares this young man who is in love with Cosette and brings him home. References NIEHS. (n. d. ). Bring Him Home. Retrieved from http://kids. niehs. nih. gov/lyrics/bringhom. htm. Guy, A. & Llewelyn-Jones, I. (2004). A student’s guide to GCSE music: For the WJEC specification. London: Rhinegold Publishing Ltd.

Pre-Interview Essay

Pre-interview Essay 30/01/2013 I would like to follow the CELTA course for quite a few reasons. To begin with, and more importantly, I want to do the course so as to obtain the right qualifications for and English tutor. I think that the CELTA course can provide me, not only with the necessary teaching skills, but also with the highest knowledge of the subject.Moreover, if one already has the education and skills needed this course gives him the opportunity to keep up to date with the English language, because as it is widely known language, in general, keeps evolving and changing. Another important reason that makes me want to follow the course is the fact that CELTA diploma is recognized thru out the world. That is a great advantage as one has the opportunity to work at almost any country he desires.Needless to say that this is of great benefit not only to one’s teaching experience but to him as a person, as he will be able to broaden his horizons by meeting new educational systems and cultures. I believe that I would be a successful teacher of the English language because I am very interested in it, therefore, I would constantly try to enrich my knowledge around it and do my best to be up to date, not only with the language itself but with educational systems so that my students would get the best education possible from me.I am of the opinion that you must love what you do so as to be good at it and teaching is what I love. Other than that, I feel that I am the kind of person that can pass his knowledge to the others. I am friendly and easy-going which makes people around me feel comfortable and able to trust me. On the other hand, I am very organized and focused on my goals, even a little bit of a control freak which I believe make me better at what I do and are some important qualities for a successful teacher.

Agility Resilience in organisation

The purpose of this business report is to examine AH Moor's approach to organizational agility and resilience; cooking specifically at the promotion of leadership and enterprise workforce. It explores the benefits to the organization of the implementation of a systematic plan for selecting, motivating and developing employees with the requisite skills and demonstrated behaviors to operate effectively in highly uncertain, highly unstructured environments and demonstrating how enabling this improves organizational outlook.As organizational resilience and agility is seen as a systematic property, both individual and organizational levels are explored. In today's global economic climate businesses need to sustain a competitive advantage to remain above the competition. It Is the geopolitical uncertainty, with unprecedented changes and Instability and business discontinuities that demand organizational agility and organizational resilience. Unforeseen circumstances Like the terrorist acts of September 1 lath had adverse effects on businesses that dealt with commodities such as gold, and the company was no exception. The sudden hike in gold price resulted in the company losing millions, and the lack of agility and resilience the organization possessed meant it paid greatly with the years that followed. Presently, in the many is undergoing major transformational changes to its corporate strategy and development, and a change that the new HER team is pushing towards is changing the way recruitment is being carried out.Arguably, human talent is capital; talented persons carry within them, in their knowledge and expertise, important parts that are means of production. Intellectual capital and talented labor force is now central to many business enterprises (Riveter & Kline, 2000). It Is argued adequate Job fit needs to play Into consideration to allocate correct personnel to handle a demanding Job ole within the gold/jewelry sector given the businesses geographical locat ion and fierce competition which is ever-growing due to rising gold stocks.In addition with the recent rapid development of the united Arab Emirates has seen greater rise in competition. At the individual level, resilience can be explained through occupational stress or burnout that account for the continuation of or even increases in worker performance and psychological well-being in the face of difficult work conditions (Carver, 1998; Mismatch & Letter, 1997). At the organizational level, characteristics of organizations (e. G. Man resource practices, organizational culture and values) have been related to agile reactions and continued survival under volatile, demanding work conditions (Horned & Orr, 1998; Mammal, 1998). An organization's capacity for resilience Is rooted In a set of Individual level knowledge, skills, and ablest and organizational routines and processes by which an organization conceptually positions itself, acts decisively to move forward, and overcome the poten tially debilitating consequences of a disruptive shock (Lenience- Hall & Beck, 2009).A organizations capacity for developing organizational resilience s achieved through strategically managing human resources to create individual competencies among core employees, that when combined at the organizational level, make it possible for organizations to effectively absorb uncertainty, develop situation-specific responses to threats, and ultimately engage in transformation activities so that they can capitalize on disruptive surprises that potentially threaten the survival of the organization.The lack of focus given to personnel selection has also highlighted an inability for staff to cope with the stressful pressures that come with working within gold and a highly charged industry. The company is situated in the popular Gold Soak region, where hundreds of retail shops and close to a hundred wholesale distributes are situated simply in that area alone. As a result competition is highly ch arged and the company has seen rates of turnover and absenteeism risen and levels of mental and physical well-being have deteriorated.It is the increased competition associated with the acceleration of market changes that have put pressure on organizations to react quickly whilst re-inventing themselves in response to external pressures. Study of individual differences reveals certain personality emissions such as locus of control, hardiness, and self-esteem relate to people's reaction to stresses. Rooter (1996) proposed that having an internal locus of control (believing you can control what happens in life) moderates the relationship between stresses and strain such that a strong internal locus is associated with less strain.This idea is in line with Karakas idea of perception of control. Giordano (2000) found Iranian business managers with higher levels of hardiness, the better their health and performance despite stressful situations. If there is a miss-match between individuals and the organizational culture; source of stress if a person believes organizational functions as unclear and unpredictable could lead to role ambiguity; Coco (1948) found non participation in decision process and uncertainty led was a predictor of strain, Job related stress.Literature findings are clear in regard to the implementation of stress on employee wellbeing through a behavioral, psychological and physiological perspective. Where the effects of strain can lead to the deterioration of memory, reaction time, accuracy and task performance. Modality (1986) found stress associated with less sensitivity, warmth and tolerance awards patients amongst nurses, Gaston school found association between unsupported work environments and quality of work performance in NASH staff.There is also evidence that on simple tasks moderate levels of arousal or stress seem to aid performance (Dawson et al. , 2009). Schaeffer (2004) found burnout was predicted mainly by Job demands and to lesser ex tent, Job resources; that is related to turnover intention and health problems; and that it mediates the relationship between Job demands and health problems. Three broad methods can be utilizes here to help reduce and manage stress that are grouped in three categories- remarry, secondary and tertiary interventions.The primary level of this hierarchy includes modifying and eliminating stresses. In relation to company this would include giving people more control over their Jobs and work environments; redesigning tasks they are required to do; giving flexible work schedules. Skimpier et employees to adopt to different ways of working. Bond & Bunch (2000) designed cluster of interventions that led employees having more input into decision-making and control over workloads, and put systems in place for getting advice form mangers quicker on vague tasks.Employees from intervention group reported less ill health, and higher Job performance. Perceived control in interventions group underp inned these positive outcomes. Also found individual differences appears to interact with the changes in control where Higher psychological flexibility benefited more, showing individual differences can lead to different outcomes for different employees. At a Secondary level focus on individuals response to stress, and focus more on employees than changing aspects of the organization.Increasing levels of social support for staff experiencing high level of stresses in organizations found ewer medical errors and malpractice claims in hospitals, and an increased agility and resilience in stressful environments (Murphy, 1996). This findings were also supported by Frees (1999) who looked at blue collar workers and also found social support exhibited less anxiety, and strain. Tertiary symptom directed, focus on helping individuals cope with consequences of stresses, again focus is on individuals rather than focus on organizations.One approach to provide medical care in house or outsourced for employees, another approach is PAP. Cooper and Saudi (1994) found improvements in mental health and esteem of those participating n Peeps within organizations, suggesting they can be helpful with stress, however approach this is a reactive approach not proactive because it doesn't prevent it, deal with problems after they arise rather than focus on creating positive work environments which minimize stresses.There has been rapid increase in compensation claims for work-related stress in recent years (Dyer, 2002). Furthermore it's been reported that growing proportion of employee absences may be accounted for by anxiety, and depression (McLeod 2003) and such circumstances have been found to have an effect on productivity, absenteeism, and occupational injuries. There is growing literature which argues that workplace counseling helps alleviate these issues, as well as improve employee problems.Here, it is argued the implementation of external sources through contractual agreements would be deemed beneficial as there is a lack of organizational resources and trained staff within HER to provide services, and furthermore consolidating in external counseling may be viewed as safer alternative where employees may fear of the level of confidentiality within their sessions. It should be noted not only is counseling being suggested to combat issues of individual and organizational stresses but also deal tit the impending issues of lack of diversity within the organization at present and the ongoing issues in relation to this.There are numerous studies that point out the benefits of counseling. In particular a substantial systematic review by McLeod (2001) found counseling to reduce work related stress in more than 50% of people, levels of sickness and absence reduced by 25-40%. There were clinically significant improvement in levels of anxiety, depression and stress reported in 60-75 of clients. AH Nor fails to implement development of employees through training to enable raciest, or learned routines that will provide a first response to any unexpected threats.Important organizational procedures and conduct are tied closely to of company beliefs and those beliefs then become core values which are the basis of day-to-day behaviors that translate intended strategies into actions (Hammond, 2002). Behavioral preparedness helps bridge a gap between divergent forces of learned resourcefulness and counterintuitive agility and merging forces of useful habits.A combination of useful habits and behavioral preparedness create a foundation of rehearsed and habitual expert routines that ensure an organizations initial and intuitive response to any situation will create options that than constraints (Ferrier, Smith, & Grimm, 1999). The principle behind the selection process is that individual differences between people in attitudes and skill and other personal qualities, and people are not equally suited for all Jobs therefore it is important to match the r ight person to the right Job.The main elements involved in designing and implementing personnel selection procedure can be outlined in the personal selection paradigm (Patterson and Ferguson, 2007). AH Nor possess no competency framework or reliable recruitment methods. It is suggested that the initial first steps required is a Job analysis to take place within the company recognizing the tasks that are assumed and the competencies required, including tasks that will remain stable over time.The goal of Job and competency analysis is to provide an evidence based specification to attributes that act as criteria for decision making during the selection and guide the choice of assessment techniques. Assessments are selected based on correspondence between the attributes they assess and those identified in the Job and competency analysis. It can be difficult to describe certain the behaviors associated with writing a complex financial report there for competency analysis has become very popular.It has been agreed that competency analysis goes beyond rigid boundaries of the Job title by taking into account the organization objectives vision s and strategy of staffing requirements (Livens and Sanchez 2007). Although the effects of faking are not understood but this can be reduced with providing feedback as research has suggested if individual knows the test will discussed later makes them think twice, also assessor is able to determine if individual was honest based on feedback session if they are unable to meet the data.Schmidt et al 1979, showed gains of over $1 m dollars per annum could be expected if ability tests were used to select park rangers, similar gains were also reported for computer programmer selection (Hugs & Manager 1959). Psychometric testing has grown popular in recent years, and it can be used in two ways in selection. It can provide a more detailed assessment of Job candidates and better manage applicants. They consist of tests of maximum perform ance which are tests of ability aptitude, linked to general intelligence, or specific facets like verbal, numerical and abstract etc.Tests of performance which are personality assessments. They are designed to assess aspect of individuals ability, choice of test is dependent on information gleamed from the job and competency analysis. These types of tests are used alongside early stage assessments it helps selector determine minimum acceptable level of ability for Job role, those below cut score are rejected. In Hunter and Schmidt (1998) meta-analysis general ability tests are right up with work sample and structured interviews with validity of 0. 1 . In combination with an integrity test (which would extend to personality assessment drawing on integrity-relevant traits), the validity rises to 0. 3. The particular HER system configuration that will leads to a capacity for organizational resilience. Moreover, it is important to recognize that while human capital, Just like many other assets, can be applied toward multiple ends; opportunity does not mean that the leverage potential will be realized.For example, creative problem solving routines, a clear sense of purpose, high levels of intellectual and social capital, and a propensity for iterative, double-loop learning which are elements contributing to a capacity for resilience can also contribute to developing organizational change trainees and promoting dynamic capabilities (Oriole and Savings, 2003). The perspective and mental agility that stem from needed cognitive abilities provide a foundation for an organization to be able to learn from the consequences of the actions it undertakes within its complex actions and thereby be more effective in dynamic competitive environments.Useful habits such as continuous dialogue and the trust that results from deep social capital provide the raw material for constructing meaning and making difficult choices in ambiguous situations. However, it takes deliberate intent to ensure that particular outcomes are realized. It is argued that it is the comprehensive bundle of desired employee contributions, HER principles and HER policies that enables a firm to develop a capacity for resilience (Lenience-Hall and Beck, 2011).Therefore it is argued that HER policies, practices, and activities are vital for an organizations capacity for resilience, and that organization's capacity for resilience is a multilevel collective attribute emerging from the capabilities, actions, and interactions of individuals and units within the company. Employee contributions, HER practices, and HER policies are the primary integrating mechanisms or achieving a collective resilience capability. Organizational resilience is an increasingly necessary collective competence for the company that operate in highly charged environments and those characterized by Jolts and surprises.Investments in human capital to develop employees who are adept learners, strong communicators, and skil led at creating strong interpersonal ties creates a foundation for both a capacity for resilience and effective knowledge management. Similarly, developing organizational skills such as â€Å"radicalized ingenuity' (Cutout, 2002)), using action to happen cognition (Wick, 1995), and counterintuitive thinking (Meyer, 1982) contribute to both a capacity for resilience and innovation. References Bond, F. W. & Bunch, D. (2000). Mediators of change in emotion-focused and problem- focused worksheet stress management interventions.

Parenting Styles Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Parenting Styles - Research Paper Example 11). The excitement that accompanies parenthood makes it incomparable to any other events or experiences in life. Regardless of one’s levels of frustrations in life, children and parenting will always be a source of indefinite love, making it important that one appreciates every opportunity at parenthood. Parenting gives parents not only the opportunity to possess powers over their children but also makes them possess hitherto unachieved levels of tolerance and self-esteem. In this regard, parenting makes one realize and recognize his/her abilities in ways never imaged or thought before. For instance, one may come to appreciate his/her abilities to shape and influences other peoples’ lives through parenting (Brooks, 2011 P. 3). Executing parental duties is therefore a privilege that one should enjoy and it is for the above reasons that I would become a parent. Although parents have quite a number of duties and responsibilities as far as bringing up their children is concerned, some of the parental duties are more crucial to the life a child than others are. One such parenting job is to train the children to be obedient to the society by breaking them of their wills. It is not the role of a parent to please a child by allowing the child’s will to prevail. Instead, a parent should train his/her child to follow the will not only of the parent but also of the authorities and society. Allowing a child to follow his/her wish and resolve only results in disobedience. Parents should therefore instill in their children, the excellence of obedience and how it pleases the parent, community, the government, and God to be obedient (Brooks, 2011 P. 8). The other crucial job for parents is to keep their children as far away from evil company as possible. In fact, bad company is one of the most undoing dangers to children in the modern society, bo th at home and at school. Parents

Philly Pretzel Factorys C.E.O Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philly Pretzel Factorys C.E.O - Assignment Example The paper tells that delivering and producing pretzels are some of the tasks assigned. In this job position, the owner of the store Mr. Bill together with the wife struggle to meet the bills. Mr. Bill uses his personal car to deliver goods, leaving pretzels at locations using honor systems hoping that they would be bought by people who consume them. In order to make ends meet, Bill came up with a new pretzel sandwich against the franchise policies. This job requires good marketing skills This job requires daily delivery of pretzels to various locations within the city. They do many rounds per day and going up and down the stairs with boxes. This job requires a strong person who is able to lift and carry heavy boxes several times a day. Both jobs are cumbersome and the organize does offer enough compensation. In both cases, the employees are struggling to make ends meet. In the Franchise job, the couple struggles to pay their bills, such that they use their personal vehicle and invent a new product out of the pretzel, in an effort to make as many sales as possible. The Franchiser says that he had asked for corporate help many times to no avail. Mr. Bill the franchiser complains that he was not taught how to make pretzels and the directions he was given were too vague to understand. This called for various experiments before he could get it right. In both jobs, they are not provided with a medical cover, regardless of how dangerous their jobs are.

In the UK, ethical businesses are not as successful as less ethical Essay

In the UK, ethical businesses are not as successful as less ethical businesses. Discuss - Essay Example Despite emphasis on ethical business operation in U.K, it has not been consummated to a successful enterprise. Firstly, unethical businesses operate on no moral obligation and thus commonly engage in hoarding of commodities and price manipulation irrespective of the set price standards. Pavelin & Porter (2008. p. 720) admits that â€Å"due to use of dubious means, they often have supernormal profits and their businesses have significantly grown its market share†. While ethical businesses such as Marks and Spencer remain committed in fair price mechanisms, unethical businesses would create artificial shortages and make supernormal profits to the disadvantage of the consumers. Ethics emphasizes on the distinction of wrong and right and unscrupulous businesses have the least concern on morals, their main goal is profits on returns. Secondly, operating ethical businesses in U.K requires compliance to bureaucratic laws and policies. For instance, a business should seek approval by obtaining an up to date operation license. Besides, â€Å"for food industries they must comply with Food and Drug Association (FDA) besides an additional medical certificate of all staff handling food items† (Aras 2012 p.177). It, therefore, provides for a lengthy process that requires time and money. While compliance will create additional time to start and operate a business, non-ethical businesses operations commences almost immediately because they often navigate around requirements. In addition, ethical businesses operate on honest as a fundamental pillar. They, therefore, ensure compliance to stringent taxation requirements. They ensure that there is â€Å"undoubted level of accuracy in the amount of tax remitted to the government tax authority† (Moore 2009 p.183). However, unethical businesses are skeptical on tax payment and often remit fewer taxes than the actual amounts needed. Although they employ an immoral approach in tax evasion, these unethical

Breast cancer metastases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Breast cancer metastases - Essay Example The study shows that, breast cancer mostly recurs in the skeleton. However, the bone metastases were mainly discovered in the necropsies of the patients who had breast cancer in thoracic as well as the lumbosacral trunk. One hypothesis of Breast Cancer Metastases is that, the Breast Cancer Metastases is a significant factor that causes death in patients. In more often than not, cancer diseases can be controlled only if metastasis fails to happen. The study of Breast Cancer Metastases was conducted by the researcher to help them know the total number of women affected by the disease. In the article, the authors’ main message is that, breast cancer can be suspected in any patient with the advanced diseases as well as pain in the sterna bone (Uuart, 2005) From the case reports given in the article, the research reveals that, the most serious cancers affecting women are the metastatic cancers. This means that, the cancer has spread from the place where it started to other tissues that are distant from the tumor site. The research also reveals that, breast cancer normally metastasize in the lymph nodes. In 1980, the report of human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS is said to be as a result of blood transfusion leading to the general panic for both the public and institution for the United States blood banks. There has been a threat of the global shortages of blood and the fears of contamination have also hastened the attempts of finding a life-sustaining alternative. However in other countries such as France, the physicians make sure that the supply of blood is safe making the chances of contracting the HIV through transfusion to be lower. There are two main issues affecting the blood banks which include the supply of blood and contracting of HIV disease through blood transfusion. The Heart of the Matter There is a big challenge in finding the blood substitutes making the blood to be very complex. The blood substitutes are made up of the blood cells, t he salt as well as other substances constituting of proteins and the vitamins suspended in the plasma. The blood cells such as the white cells, the red cells and platelets have a volume of blood of about 45 percent. The hemoglobin found in the protein is said to be significant in the emergency situations, despite of it not containing the red blood cell membrane. The function of the hemoglobin is to pick up the gases, for example the research carried out recently shows that hemoglobin can transport the nitric oxide which maintains the blood pressure. Lifeblood The blood loss in people usually threatens a significant process. For instance, if someone loses about 40 percent of blood in his/her body, the body is able to compensate it by quickly releasing the red blood cells. This is done by moving the blood away from the nonessential organs to restore the blood volume. Safety in Substitutes Finding of the safety in substitutes has continued to be plagued by the lack of the success. It i s therefore advisable for all the researchers to address the safety concerns which fail to rise for the therapeutic administered in smaller amounts. In most cases, the blood substitutes are usually used for the purpose of blood volume restoring. Despite of all the challenges, the blood subs

Case2 599 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case2 599 - Coursework Example The first model that this paper analyzes is the Force Field Analysis organizational model. It was developed by Kurt Lewin, in the year 1951. This model analyzes and identifies the restraining factors that hinder an organization from achieving its goals (Beech and Macintosh, 2012). It also identifies the driving factors that make the employees of an organization to successful implement the policies of the institution. For example, better pay structure can be a driving force that encourages employees to work harder within an organization, while lack of a clear organizational policy can be a restraining factor that makes employees not to work harder for the fulfillment of the organizational goals. After identifying these factors, this model then plans the strategies that the organization needs to use. The major weakness of this model is that it relies heavily on the process of change, and it doesn’t identify the manner of changing the strengths and the weaknesses identified (Fall etta, 2013). Another model under consideration is the McKinsey 7S model developed in 1982. The model has seven variables, which are staff, skills, structure, strategy, shared values, style and systems. The developers of this model denote that the seven variables are crucial for managers and owners of business organizations. Skills refers to the ability of an individual to carry out his or her functions, staff refers to the people working within the organization, style is the manner in which the managers of an organization conduct their affairs for purposes of achieving their objectives, while the shared values refers to the guiding principles that members of the organization have in common (Harrison, 1994). The developers of this model refer to strategy as the plans put in place to allocate resources for purposes of achieving the goals of the organization. Systems are the day to day procedures followed by members of the organization. This model denotes that to achieve desired change within a company, it is important to analyze all the seven variables; and improve on them. However, one major weakness of the model is that it does not

Principles of Architectural Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles of Architectural Structures - Essay Example The design also encompasses forces and movements as a result of temperature, cracking, creep, as well as imposed loads (Dabby & Bedi 2012, p.5). The structural design should also make sure that the design is buildable practically within the allowable material’s manufacturing tolerances. The design of the structure should also give room for fitting and functionality of systems such as smoke extraction, air conditioning, lighting among others. Structural design, in general, has a role of making the structure suitable for living in all dimensions. Various components of a structure are used in enhancing the suitability of the structure. This is brought about by the choice of materials to build these components, design as well as other basic processes (Bach 2009, p.9). They are done technically to impact a certain aspect that will help the structure to achieve the required standards as discussed in the document below. The document also addresses the use of reinforced concrete in solving various structural essentials. Reinforced concrete  is basically  a composite material whereby concrete that has relatively low ductility, and tensile strength are counteracted by the reinforcement inclusion with higher ductility and tensile strength. This as an aspect in return makes the reinforced concrete very strong and hence a suitable building material. Reinforced concrete  can be classified among  the types of building materials. The architecture needs to be keen in choosing the construction materials. The choice of building materials should be on the basis of the required properties of the structure. In this scenario, reinforced concrete will be used to solve the problem of the aspects such as thermal and acoustic performance, durability, fire resistance, and load resistivity among others (Emmitt et al. 2004, p.37). In terms of load resistivity reinforced concrete outdo all the other building materials such as wood and steel. This

Does management have responsibility to provide job satisfaction to its Research Paper

Does management have responsibility to provide job satisfaction to its employees - Research Paper Example Maslows theory further explains that the low need level of needs need to be satisfied in order to avoid unpleasant consequences (Aziri, 2011). Some of these needs are food, sleep, warmth and other basic needs. For employers to meet these needs, they might probably provide food in the office to avoid unnecessary movement around the work area and probably install air conditioning to cater for the extremely hot or cold seasons. As these basic needs are met, they also start upgrading. At this point, they also feel that social and psychological needs need to be met. They start: believing in themselves and therefore, their self-esteem becomes distinct, wanting to be accepted socially, shown appreciation in the work place and they start feeling a strong sense of self-actualization to be able to develop as an employee (Luvisangra, 2012). This entire process brings about job satisfaction and increases production for the company. Incentives are also crucial for job satisfaction. Any employee who works tremendously hard in their workplace deserves to be appreciated. Incentives can be in the form of gifts, shopping vouchers, trips or the title of employee of the month (University of Alberta, 2012). Evaluations of whether or not the employees are satisfied should be conducted often. These evaluations are audits. There are many audits from financial; operational to follow up audits, but the best is the type that ensures that the emotions going round in the work place are unveiled, without necessarily identifying the names of the employees who feel a certain way. Confidentiality should be of the essence when conducting these evaluations. Audits are also supremely pertinent to examine whether security measures are effectual in the work place. The different forms of management can also affect job satisfaction considerably. There are two types of viewpoints that stand out; the classical and behavioral viewpoints. While classical management is divided into

Reliability and Validity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reliability and Validity - Essay Example The first article to be analyzed will be the Technostress article, with the second being the Development article. The definitions of validity and reliability will be examined with their relative application to the two articles being examined. A conclusion will be drawn about the research behind the articles. Validity basically is a test to see whether a test really functions effectively in order to garner results that it was designed to gather. According to Cherry (2011), â€Å"Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure†¦results [must] be accurately applied and interpreted. Validity is†¦ determined†¦by a body of research that demonstrates the relationship between the test and the behavior it is intended to measure† (pghs. 1-2). For example, in Tarafdar et. al.’s Technostress article, it is very clear that what was being measured was the effect of such stress and roles and productivity. The validity of that research would be that the research effectively measured what it set out to measure. In fact, according to Tarafdar et. al.

Authentication of Individuals in E-exams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Authentication of Individuals in E-exams - Essay Example Fingerprint recognition systems are considered to be the most commonly deployed biometric systems, due to their precision, ease and performance [10]. Arista Knowledge Systems(TM) and DigitalPersona(TM) claim to develop the first e-Learning management system to verify students by their fingerprints [14]. Arges et al proposed a hybrid approach in which an electronic token or e-card was used along with the fingerprint verification to increase the authentication performance of the e-exam security system [11]. The system involved a process of enrolment- to capture the user’s fingerprint for the database and generate a specific e-token for the user. Authenticated users were provided access by verifying their fingerprints and e-tokens with the stored database.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hand geometry recognition systems require a small sized data to uniquely identify a user from its stored database or templates [12]. A system is proposed by Jain et al. [13] in which there exist processes of image acquisition, enrolment and verification. One commendable approach in this system to enhance the accuracy of the acquired hand geometry image is that two samples are taken from the user. Average is taken for these samples so that an accurate image can then be compared with stored database of enrolled users. This system can easily be deployed for e-learning environments because of its ease and accuracy. ProAccess FaceOK developed a system for the recognition of human face image [15]. They claim it to be the first system with the face learning capability.

Gay Marriage in the United States Research Paper

Gay Marriage in the United States - Research Paper Example In addition, the paper shall provide the recent opinion polls on the subject and scrutinize the findings. Gay marriage in the United has hit debates with a lot of controversies on the subject. The United States comprises of approximately 50 states. Six states in the United States allow marriage between same sexes. The states include; Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vermont, New York, Lowa, and New Hampshire. Thirty nine states have banned gay marriage. Five states; Hawaii, Delaware, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Illinois have approved the civil unions of gay marriage. In addition, some states that legalized gay marriage enacted the Civil Union laws (Graff, 1999, p.175). Vermont received the first civil Union in the year 2000. The supreme court of the state passed a ruling requiring the state to recognize couples of the same sex. The matter would be left to the legislature to legalize forms of relationship including gay marriage. The legislature, receiving force from then Governor, select ed the civil unions against marriage as a measure that could be compromising. On July 1, 2000, the act took effect. The Civil Unions’ bill became effective in September 2009. Connecticut legislature legalized civil unions in the year 2005 devoid of the court order. The effect of the law took place in October 2008, designated by the Connecticut governor. The Supreme Court of Connecticut favored the ruling in the year 2008. In the year 2010, on 12th November, all the civil unions automatically became marriages. The New Jersey state legalized the civil unions through Its Supreme Court ruling. The ruling required both same-sex and opposite-sex couples to receive similar benefits. The Act of the Civil Union took effect on 19th February the year 2007. Although, the gay rights groups stated their dissatisfaction in the law, they undertook measures to enhance same-sex marriage. Illinois house passed a bill of the Civil Union on 30th November the year 2010. On 1st December, 2010, the senate of Illinois approved the bill. Pat Quinn, the governor signed the law on 31st January, 2011. The law became effective on 1st June 2011. The house of New Hampshire passed the Civil Union bill on 4th April 2007. The bill gave equal rights to both the heterosexual and homosexual couples. The senate of the New Hampshire approved the bill of the Civil Union on 26th April 2006. Governor Lynch signed the law on 31st May 2007. The state embraced same-sex unions with no court order. The law of the Civil Union took effect on 1st January 2008. The state of Hawaii in the United States has presented reciprocal beneficiary registration for adults prohibited from marrying by the state law. This has been effective since the year 1997. Both different-sex and same-sex couples have access to benefits and a limited number of rights. These rights include workers compensation, inheritance rights, health insurance, pension, and the right to litigate for wrongful death. On 23rd February 2011, the Go vernor, Neil, signed a bill sanctioning Civil Unions. The law became effective on 1st January 2012. On April 14, 2011, Delaware House passed the legislation legalizing Civil Unions for gay marriage. The governor designated the bill and it took effect on 1st January, 2012. Rhode Island passed the Civil Unions bill on 1st July 2011. Since the year 1997, the subject of gay marriage in the United States strike debates where the state legislators have formulated decisions. The debates over

Provide a brief critical historical assessment of why and how Essay

Provide a brief critical historical assessment of why and how accounting harmonisation has been achieved internationally - Essay Example Investors can analyse statements from different countries and decide on the nature and magnitude of the similarities and differences (Nobes. 76). Harmonization of accounting standard provides a level playing field globally (Shil, Das and Pramanik, 2009: 195). This level requires standardized accounting structures to facilitate international transactions and cost minimization through foreign payments by providing usable information to the global society. Under the global business scenario, the community needs a common accounting procedure (Shil et al. 2009: 195). The international accounting standards committee that later adopted the word international accounting standard board (ISAB) was formed in 1973. The committee involved sixteen accounting bodies representing nine nations: Canada, Australia, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, France, Netherlands, United States, and Mexico (Shil et al. 2009: 196). Currently, ISAB has a total of a hundred and fifty-three accounting bodies that represent a hundred and twelve countries. The process of harmonization has undergone a challenging path from inception. One of the critical breakthroughs was the adoption of international accounting standards by the international organization of securities commission on May 2000 for use in stock exchanges in member states (Shil et al. 2009: 196). The European Union used the fourth and seventh council directives to achieve harmonization. Company law harmonization of financial accounting procedures was based on the Article 54(3)(g) of the EC Treaty. The fourth ((78/660/EEC) Council directive of 25th July 1978 required all companies to prepare annual accounts (Com 95, 3). However, this directive did not aim to achieve complete standardization of accounting procedures. The seventh council directive (83/349/EEC) of 13 June 1983 was more interested in consolidated accounts. Companies were required to prepare accounts and parent companies

The Site About Animism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Site About Animism - Assignment Example The material on this site is biased because it tends to describe more the characteristics of animism and its perspective instead of comparing it with other world major religions to understand its uniqueness and the traits it shares with other religions. The purpose of this website is to inform the reader of what animism is i.e. breath and soul, its early and present perspectives. This site is an acceptable source of information for animism because of the following reasons. First, it defines what animism is. The reader is able to understand the beliefs and tenets of its followers and also why it’s different from other religions of the world. The site has succinctly explained the two perspectives: early and contemporary perspectives. This provides us with enough information that enables us to come up with our own understanding of what animism is by marrying concepts from early perspectives with the contemporary perspective. The characteristics of this religion are well described to distinguish animism from other religions. One major characteristic is that all animate objects have life and do not distinguish soul as separate that, can either enter or leave our bodies. Despite the fact that the site provides more information about animism, it fails to compare and contrast this religion with other religions of the world to understand the practices that it might be sharing with other religion and also how unique it is. It is only through comparison that the reader can understand why it qualifies to be a distinct religion.

Alcohol and Substance Abuse in Blacks and Whites Coursework

Alcohol and Substance Abuse in Blacks and Whites - Coursework Example Substance abuse and alcoholism have always invited debate on whether these are a medical problem or social problem. These addictions have been associated with serious medical conditions such as infections with HIV, and they have also been associated with social misbehavior. Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, can be compared to a viral disease that spreads during an epidemic.   Substance abuse is the addition of an individual to the consumption of alcohol or other drugs despite having knowledge of problems related to such substances. Substance abuse and alcohol provide the individual with a temporary pleasure and gives a feeling of great happiness. Continuous use of such drugs makes the individual tolerant to its effects and may develop unusual withdrawal symptoms that may be detrimental to his/her overall health. The most useful and vibrant section of the society in the age group of 15-40 is widely affected by this grave and deadly habit.Types of drugs used by the populatio n in the United States also show ethnographic diversities such as alcohol-in-combination (32.7%), followed by cocaine (17.86%), and marijuana/hashish (14.64%). African-Americans have been found most commonly dosed with cocaine (56.53%), in emergency department cases, followed by alcohol-in-combination (40.21%), and heroine/morphine (23.37%). A specific report of 2000 on emergency department cases of cocaine overdose has revealed 43.39% of African-Americans and 34.2% Caucasians. A pattern of onset of substance use and alcoholism has been reported by many researchers. For example, it has been reported that Caucasians typically begin consumption of tobacco and alcohol at a younger age than African-Americans. Also, African-Americans have been found to develop cocaine and opiate dependence much after developing alcohol dependence, unlike Caucasians.  Ã‚   Role of culture in the consumption of alcohol has also been evidenced in these ethnographic groups. Alcohol consumption in certain cultures is allowed to a moderate extent, however, these groups are, at the same time, under the influence of society, peers, environment etc and deviation from these norms has become a very common feature. For example, alcohol consumption by Caucasians in comparison to African-Americans in the United States has been found higher and is linked to norms relating to alcohol use.

The set time of 10 seconds Essay Example for Free

The set time of 10 seconds Essay The data will be recorded by measuring the distance travelled by the first oxygen bubble after the set time of 10 seconds. There is a set time of 10 seconds because after this time of activity, the enzyme Catalase begins to degrade and therefore the rate of reaction becomes slower. The table will be set up in the following way: Test Number Concentration / % Distance Travelled / cm   Average 20 Volume must be kept the same of the overall solution otherwise different scaled will be presented i. e. more substrate than usual: the bubble will go further; the result is not reliable and cannot be used. Safety Precautions: H2O2 at 20 volume (100% for this experiment) is a significant irritant, if it contacts the eyes it could cause itching and could lead to eye damage, therefore goggles must be worn during all handlings of H2O2. Care must also be taken with the H2O as it can come out of the end of the glass tube. This could get onto the floor and cause slipperiness, so care must be taken and the end of the tube must be sat on something absorbent. Equipment must also be rinsed thoroughly, as someone could unknowingly pick up a beaker covered with H2O2. Rinsing out excess substrate and enzyme could also increase the validity/reliability of the results. Suggested Data Analysis: The type of graph used will be a scatter graph with axes labelled as follows: Results may be analysed by looking at mean, mode and median to look for trends in the graph, for example, looking to see if as the concentration doubles, the distance travelled does the same. A scatter graph was chosen, as a trend line can be added, which can help identify anomalous results. Modifications: During the first run of the experiment, it was noticed that the Catalase was not running as quickly at 100% (20 volume) as it did in the trial runs (on a previous day). Therefore, running the experiment by measuring the distance travelled in a set time of 10 seconds became unpractical, as the distances travelled in this time were too small. So, a new set time of one minute was added before this limitation presented a problem. Results: Test Number Concentration / % Distance Travelled / cm Average. The results were collected in the order suggested in the plan (100% descending to 20%, then 20% ascending to 100%) to eliminate the affects of room temperature change when an average was taken. As two results were taken for each concentration an average was calculated for the distance travelled, this will be analysed. Data Analysis: From the graphs it is possible to see the trend that, as predicted, as the concentration of substrate increases, the rate of reaction increases. The gradient for the graph of the first run of results is: 0. 189 The gradient for the graph of the second run is: 0. 198 The gradient of the graph showing the average distance is: 0. 192 This shows a close similarity between the results. It was expected that as the concentration double, the rate of reaction would double also. On the graph showing the averaged results, this is approximately true for the double of 20% to 40%, but as show by the exponential trend line, as the concentration increases, the rate of reaction escalates. When 40% is doubled to 80% there is a 257. 14% increase. When the trend line approximation for 50% is double to 100% there is an approximate increase of 271. 20%. This shows that as the concentration of substrate is increased, there is more likeliness that the H2O2 will contact a Catalase enzyme because there are molecules of H2O2 to collide, so they are moving at greater rates, so the rate of reaction escalates with the concentration of substrate. Evaluation: The equipment used had high limitations, which could have affected the results. Firstly, when the mixture is made in the syringe, the reaction begins and water and oxygen are produced immediately, due to the syringe being difficult to attach to the glass tube, oxygen was lost in the process of attaching the syringe. This was unavoidable because the rubber connector had to be tight to prevent further gas loss. Repeats were important here so that excess gas loss could be identified. An anomaly that relates to this limitation is in the 40% concentration test in the second run. It is possible that it may have taken longer here to attach the syringe. Due to uncontrollable gas escape the bubble would have gone less far if it took longer to attach the syringe and further if it took less time. In most cases the values for the first run and the second run do not vary by more than 0. 2 around the average, so there is an uncertainty value on the distance travelled of ? 0. 2cm, as shown by the error bars in the graph to show average. As all measurements were made by the guide on the syringe, there could have been an effect on the concentrations, if the syringe was not marked accurately there would be an inaccuracy in concentrations, therefore there is an uncertainty value of ? 0. 1cm^3. This is shown as a horizontal error bar on the graph to show average. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Economics Paper Essay Example for Free

Economics Paper Essay 1: Define the term ‘equilibrium price’: The price at which quantity demanded by consumers and the quantity of goods and services supplied by firms is the same. 3: With the help of an appropriate diagram and the information in extract B, explain why the world price of sugar changed in 2009: The price of sugar rose to $0.40 per kilo in 2009 this is shown in the extract as it states that in 2009 prices in New York and London rose by 52% to its highest in almost three years. The diagram below shows how the inward shift of supply caused by poor crop harvests and India’s %40 fall in output of sugar affected the price of sugar due to its scarcity, leading to the %52 rise in price of sugar. Another factor that could have had an effect on the price of sugar would have been in 2008 there were poor crop harvests that year – this led to a low level of supply in 2008 which raised the price of sugar due to its scarcity. This poor harvest would have had something to do with the land quality –this may have affected the harvest in 2009. Supply constraints also had an effect, as due heavy rainfall the Columbian crop was damaged – the rain also washed away some of the roads used to transport the products from the field to the market. So whatever crop the farmers managed to save from the rain was then prevented from reaching market, this would have contributed to the price rise in a way similar to the diagram above. India is a main producer of sugar, so much so that its sugar output is a critical factor in determining the world price of sugar. India’s output was forecast to fall by %40 so only 15million tonnes of sugar would have been produced in the growing season – this is well below India’s sugar consumption of 23million tonnes a year. This would mean that India wouldn’t be inclined to export much of its sugar as there’s already a deficit of supply in its own country. Although, with this large fall in supply there’ll most likely be a rise in sugar price in India – the people may not be willing or able to pay the new price so whatever amount of sugar is leftover could be exported, at a price which would lead to the %52 rise in London and New York sugar prices.

The Difference Between Chinese And Western Culture Cultural Studies Essay

The Difference Between Chinese And Western Culture Cultural Studies Essay Food diet is a cultural in china. The daily regimen is often talking object. China and the West have the very big difference in aspect; they are in the diet idea, the cooking, raw material, dined aspects and so on. this point as early as already some people raised in the 19th century, then, East and Wests cultural masters have not stopped down to this aspects research. Then, Chinese people Xu xiong (2001) pointed out that Chinese and western diet culture difference. It is due to countrys culture, the custom, the atmosphere, the historical connotation, the nutrition values and the current economic condition factor. Recently, many people think western and Chinese diet culture biggest difference is Chinese people used the chopsticks, is eating rice and western people used knife and the fork, eating the beefsteak and the bread. These are only on the superficial difference; also it still has deeply level differences. This point that it had been ignore to people Food habits difference, the diet ways difference, the diet concept difference, the cooking methods difference. These differences are the fundamental differences between Chinese and western food culture difference. China has 5,000 years of history, China has brightly rich, the broad and profound diet culture; Chinese people pay attention to the nature and humanity, Chinese food to feed the ideographic, by thing of expressing characteristics. So it makes the famous traditional Chinese diet food Chinese food culture theory founder in the analects of Confucius The Analects in there on the food, food is too refined, cypress tire size exposition Up to two thousand years later, still has a very high theoretical guidance Sima Qian in Lishiqi Commentary Section of the Historical Records write that : a countrys king depend on people, then people depend on grain Yan Zhitui, Family Instructions of Yan Clan say: grain is people depend on, people cannot live without eating, The Chinese diet culture has long development process, if from Peking man invented offensive and began a real sense of diet culture creation began, starting with China diet culture development process from today ,there were fifth year s of history, this is a long standing uninterrupted history. Chinese peoples diet emphasize the perceptual and the artistry, pursue the taste of the food feeling, and no attention to the foods nutrition composition, many from color, aroma, taste and shape wait for a respect to evaluate the stand or fall of diet quality, pursuit is a difficult to explain in words of artistic conception. Chinese people are pay attention to eat, American sociologist Ian. Robert Johnson wrote a book in his Sociology, said that American do not eat snails to eat oysters, French eats snail dont eat locusts, Lu tribe in Africa who do not eat fish to eat locusts, the Jews do not eat pork, Hindus pork do not eat beef, Russians eat beef dont eat snake meat. While Chinese have no dont eat, the Chinese people in taste dishes, We often will taste this dish and said yummy or not delicious; however if you want ask the people why this dish is good ,we not answers, This shows that Chinese on diet of pursuit is a kind of difficult to explain in words mood, namely, use people say normally color, aroma, taste and shape, implement to the state materialize and Im afraid is still difficult to cover it. The Chinese diet is has its distinctive charm, the key lies in its flavors. And delicious produced to reconcile, for the original taste of food, Coupled with the taste of ingredients and materials, and to reconcile the taste of spices, Intertwined with the integration of coordination, Pay attention to the harmony of Chinese cooking Beauty This is the essence of Chinese culinary art key point.. The dishs shape and color is external things, and the taste is something inside, Chinese food is not deliberate modification of the internal re-appearance. Westerners focus on rational analysis, focus on food science, and pay attention to nutrition, whatever how to the food color, smell, taste, shape , and nutrition must be assured, pay attention to how many calories a day intake, vitamins, protein, and so on. Even if taste thousand pieces of the same tune, also they must continue to eat because there are nutritious. Lin Yutan in my country and my people pointed out: English and American people are eating is defined as a biological machine fuel injection As long as they eat to be able to keep the body strong enough to resist the infection of bacteria Do not pay attention to other aspects of . In the banquet, you can pay attention to tableware, pay attention to the use of materials, pay attention to service, attention to vegetables, raw material shape and color with respect. But no matter how luxurious high-grade, from Los Angeles to New York, steak is only a kind of taste, without art at all. As dishes, chicken is chicken, steak is ste ak, although the dishes are with, that is carried out in the disk French lamb chops, while put mashed potatoes, next to the lean lamb chops, green beans cooked with the other side, add a few slices of tomato. Contrasting color, but the taste of the variety of disparate materials, to reconcile, the taste is different, you taste it, and you know it. Westerners are used to divide and eat, there are be allocated a personal food, it is one of a rationing. In the West dinner, while also sitting, but each single plate of food is the single loaded. Do not have fixed seats that can move around freely, Not only it can fully meet the individual food preferences, but also to facilitate social. Be easy to Feelings between individuals and to facilitate the exchange of information, Instead of all activities at the table will be made public, In Western food on the table not weave in games. Also eat time shorter than the Chinese food. We usually to eat beef in silence and quietly. This diets way fully show that Westerners humanity, self respect and emphasize the individuals independence and autonomy. In china, In china, whether Family dining is or a formal banquet, we are sitting around dinner, Sitting in a table, we look toward cheers each other, and help people to distribute food to guests at the table reflect the mutual respect between people, the virtues of comity, and Harmony, happy atmosphere. Shows that the Chinese people pay attention harmony is most precious In 3000 years ago, it is The Book of Songs Era Our ancestors first know to eat have affinity function, Use food to regulate the relationship in the Book of Rites, said the By drinking the diet this way, to express our good mood. reflects Chinese people peaces idea. Especially in the various festivals, we by drinking diet this way, to express .we are very happy. This diet way is the Chinese food culture an important tradition. Chinese people put the eating as an elegant pleasure .So take a seat, the mutual laughter throughout the entire process of meal. To eat time weave in some interesting games, so eat time for up t o two or three hours .Because people can maintain a good appetite and a strong appetite, so enjoy the culinary arts how to maintain the best state of mind. Chinese to trail by eating, and eating to regulate relationships .As Mr Qian in the eat, said Dinner have many social functions, such as a feel for the business meetings by the so on In China, cooking is an art, it with extremely strong interest, even with certain game play, it is attracted by diet for the life of fulfilling the Chinese. Chinese cooking have many methods, for example, Slip, braised, burning, boil, steamed, fried, crispy, braised, grilled, stewed, explosion, fry, casserole, candied and so on . These methods make use of dazzling dishes. Chinese people have a grasp on the heat of the traditional methods, it is rich and varied , and every type have detail methods, such as Such as leavened partition into brittle and slippery and so on. Chinese food is more complicated changes in technology, many dishes are time-consuming work fees Chinese food a lot of embellishment, when we eat the food, many embellishment of food, we dont eat. Not only cause the waste of raw materials, but also the effect may not be good A Chinese chef in the industry saying goes ¼Ã… ¡ As a good cook, one-third of the craft, and seven in the used materials side. It is Emphasizes personal chef selection of raw materials, the importance of sub-file to use. That is, the standard of raw materials produced on the dishes of Chinese and Western food culture differences play a decisive role. Westerns Cooking pay attention to nutrition to the neglect of taste, they with cold drinks table, also coupled with the cold chilled ice wine And the bloody steak with white fish, big white meat, raw vegetables, white boiled beans, boiled potatoes with relish, although the dishes are very authentic taste, but the dish flavor is not good. These all reflect the taste of the neglect of Westerners. Westerners diet emphasizes science and nutrition, the whole process of cooking are acting in strict accordance with scientific standards, Thus the chefs work to become a very monotonous and mechanical to work. Westerners to grasp the furnace temperature and quantitative data can not be separated, Its cooking methods is frying, deep-fried, and grilled, the taste of food is a single, Western do not pay attention to a knife, a piece of steak, vegetables and salad placed at random, there is no knife at all Westerns transfer to a plate dimension, edible is strong, the vast majority of all the food into the dish can be eaten, and embellishment is the main course dishes. Most raw materials for western food is fresh, clean, natural Operation process of nature, to play the original taste of food, not too much used to dry raw materials, milk is essential in the Western raw materials. Based on the importance of nutrition, Westerners most of eat raw vegetables, not only they eat tomatoes, cucumber, cabbage, onions, but also they can eat raw broccoli , The majority of the American West as the representative, they seem to like to eat cold dish., and sitting after the first dish is mostly Sarah one dish icy leftovers, And the main course steak end up, First ,you used a knife and cut a while, until chopped, hot steak to cool gradually, but also the side dishes and a good steak with a fork with your mouth. Thus westerners ignore flavor Chinese tableware is mainly chopsticks, chopsticks is More accurate than the knife and fork, we used the chopsticks can freely and convenient. Whether the dish is article, is the lump is the piece, and it is cube. Chinese people pick up the chopsticks; it can be applied with ease. So, like talking about something at the dinner table for the Chinese people, they can not tolerate silent Western food instrument. Not only Chopsticks are eating utensils, but also it is talking about assistant props the dinner table, a group of people around the table, Each other take their food with chopsticks, and the guests served you food at a meal. It shows between the master and guest relationship, also it is add to harmonious atmosphere in the table. So when Mr. Cai Yuanpei talking about the chopsticks, in ancient time, Chinese people once used it, and used many various of shapes, cuptray bowl and see. Chinese cooking emphasis the shape, size, color coordination with the dishes ¼Ã…’and pay atten tion to exquisites utensil. The delicious food must have exquisites utensil combine, and to pay attention to harmony with it. Dishes and utensils in color decoration, in the form, and harmony in the space is supposed to match. They put diet regard as artistic activity treat. Not only can eat delicious food, but also get a beautiful art from which to enjoy it. Westerners with a metal knife and fork, and a variety of cups, plates, cup, dish. The western food dress up plate and combine aspect, Unlike the Chinese, emphasis on the artistic beauty. The types of utensils, dishes shape, are both of relatively monotonous. In short, West people focus on the content of the food, Chinese people emphasis to cuisine in the form and the more pleasure they reap from it. Recently, with the quality of life improve. Chinas food and beverage utensils are specialized, diversified portfolio of the new faces appear. it is for family dinner add to new meaning and Japanese food culture and interest. West people also began to focus on the design. There are a variety of different styles of tableware in market. These are usually with color and pattern, and appeared to different in various styles, with a view, interesting characteristics, and the put eating utensils as gifts to sell. Is due to International economic development, also country and country are communication frequently and international tourism development. It make them cultures exchange and merge in the worldwide, forming an unstoppable trend. Specially, country and country communication and merge in food aspects. For western food Traditionally, Western absorbed the steam and fried from the Chinese food methods. At the same time, they also absorb a lot of Chinese food ingredients and condiments. While Chinese food also emphasis to food nutrition. We can start to eat western styles food. For example, Hot dogs, sandwiches, salads, and butter. In conclusion, in china appear Chinese and Western styles combineds style.there are Western medicate food and beef of porridge in Chinese and Western styles combineds style.now,western food use Chinese cooking to eat, and Chinese food used the western cooking to do ,those are Chinese and Western food culture continually and exchanges, it can appear new phenomenon

Communication Differences in Gender

Communication Differences in Gender Communication is an important part of any genders, with verbal and nonverbal communication styles used on a frequent basis. Both types of communications can be independent or used together, and it can be confusing for both men and women if not used correctly so it is important to make sure miscommunication do not by learning. We will be discussing different communication styles in verbal and nonverbal communication used by men and women, and looking at miscommunication that may occurs between genders. To help and explain this and personal experience will be used, and show various strategies to avoid miscommunication, and find possible solution to miscommunication and keep them to a minimal. Communication Styles Communication will be different when it comes to genders and these differences do not relate to any specific personal experience of a gender, and research as shown men will typically be direct, succinct, personal and instrumental in their communication, while women will try to relate to things, use emotions, and gain understanding in a personal way. This research fact shows how men will engage in a conversation using information, while women will try to build a relationship. With this in mind it has led perception of gender communication whether it is verbal or nonverbal communication. General terms and a use of a function standpoint are typical of male’s verbal communication. A functional standpoint is all about exchanging information and reinforcing relationship. With males being more dominant in communication, women until more recently were stereotyped as being submissive in conversation, but differences in language the gender uses are common and communication in relationship with both genders show a contrast in written and verbal communication not related to anyone gender specially. Verbally both gender show differences in communication, with males in some cases using adjectives that may seem judgmental, and women intensive adverbs. Though many also forget that pitch is common communication difference even if the pitch is not gender specific, it can related to one gender more than the other. Typically speaking women are stereotyped to have higher pitch, while men will have lower pitch sound, even though we know that pitch is not related specifically to a gender. Both gender have specific stereotypes on pitches, like when male uses a higher pitch to not sound feminine, and women using lower pitch when want sound more dominant and credible. Vocabulary use is a noticeable between genders, and seen easily when women are speaking as they will use more diverse vocabulary, while men may not have diversity in vocabulary they will use numbers. Women using communication will commonly divulge information with emotions, attitude, and beliefs, but men will avoid this when po ssible. According to GenderSpeak â€Å"An overabundance of tentative forms of expression in one’s communication can be interpreted as a sign of uncertainty and insecurity. But tentative language may also indicate politeness (Watts, 2003) and may have positive, facilitative uses; these kinds of expressions need not be identified with one sex or the other† (Ivy Backland, Ch. 4, p. 174). Both gender will have similarities and differences in their verbal communication, but so will their nonverbal communications. Women are much better at catching nonverbal cues in compared to men, and interpreting cues. Women will commonly use more person nonverbal cue including leaning forward, excellent eye contact to whom they speaking too, while showing more emotional expressions. Men will try change conversation to something with an angle when possible while using less eye contact that shows women will be better at nonverbal communication and staying attuned to them. Miscommunications and Causes Miscommunication experience between both genders may vary, but both gender will have their shares of miscommunications. Males will be more direct when it comes to looking for answers and communications, and they typically will avoid feedback, and not looking multiple option when possible. Females like to using expression, relationships, emotions, and feelings when communication will not have solution, with typical closeness in their communication. Women also do not want advice even if they look like they look like they may need it. It quiet common for males to use conversation to find social order, and try to show their dominance to other in a conversation, but female do not engage in dominance instead they use conversation to be more intimate. Men and women use conversation different and it is important to understand that women tend to have close relationships in their conversation, and will typically seek though, feelings and beliefs, and men want to dominate and find solution in conversation. These differences in communication between the two gender is one of the main causes of miscommunications, as both gender forget to realize that other gender may not communicate in same styles as their gender. With men using communication to dominate socially and get results when communicating, while women will typical use relationships communication, it leads to both gender needing to realize the difference in communication between them so that miscommunications are left to a minimal. Personal Experiences Miscommunication is common occurrence and happen to everyone at some point between men and women, and is also seen quiet often in our societies. IN my personal life I have experience miscommunication and many occasion, and one that would help better understand miscommunication is an argument over a trip needing planning with my girlfriend. Trip planning is an interesting thing as requires a place to go, cost, duration, and other things that will be needed before a trip can be made. With a male and female planning a trip miscommunication is common thing as both may have different ideas, thought, and communication styles to give their ideas. Though stereotypes for genders can be applied in this type a situation, it is not a factor in this situation that will be discussed. In planning a trip with my girlfriend there were miscommunication involved, as both wanted to have control of the conversation, and I would be direct about what I wanted, my girlfriend was not direct and try to bring emotions and relationships into the conversation to convey her points. In the process of deciding on location to go, I was more about going towards a natural and exciting place, while she was wanting a romantic quiet place to go, and we would start arguing over this as we were miscommunicating why we wanted to go to these style of places. With this argument we both had different viewpoints and used different communication styles which we were not understanding, and while I would be direct, she always tried use emotion and relationship in the communicating. This went on for a while until we both realized that neither of us were listening to each other and we need a way to communicate that we both could follow and understand. With us having communication issues we decided to take a breather and try to look at the other person point of view before starting discussion again. In this process I realized she was trying convey her emotion in her communication and bring in relationship, and I may not looked at communicating in this fashion causing miscommunication. After realizing this issue I determine I most try to look at emotional parts of communications, while she realized that try to be more direct would also help and miscommunication were limited on restart of the trip planning discussion. While I was usually more dominate and taking control of discussion in first try, this time around both us try to be equal and my girlfriend took a more dominate role, while I learnt to listen for subtle cues on why she wanted go to a romantic quiet place. In the example above we both realized that we had issues in communication and how we were trying to get our point across, and adjust our communication to come up with solution and clear communication that would work for both of us. Though we still had some miscommunication that were not uncommon in most cross gender relationships it was excellent learning experience. With the change in communication and understanding our communication were not in sync it help us better understand the other and also be more comfortable without worries of hurting other feeling, while adjusting our communication styles so the other could understand and avoid miscommunication. As stated by GenderSpeak â€Å" In expanding their repertoire of communication behaviors, the sexes can learn from each other’s listening tendencies and unlearn some habits and sex-typed conditioning. While listening to support a speaker is an admirable approach, women can expand their listening ability to more thoroughly t rack facts and comprehend information, rather than reading into a conversation more than the facts or trying to â€Å"take the emotional temperature† of the other person (Beebe, Beebe, Ivy, 2007, p. 120)† (Ivy Backland, Ch. 5, p. 203). Effective Strategies With any communication misunderstanding will happen and it not bad idea to have strategies should be available to use to solve these miscommunication. From the personal experience above taking break or pause can be excellent way analyze why communication is not working and work on ways to avoid miscommunications, while helping making a communication move forward so future miscommunication can be avoided before they happen. A pause or break is good way to reflect back on the communication see how you will try re-communicate a thought or idea, though this not the only effective strategies. The pause and break method is great strategy as it does give both side the opportunity to reflect on previous communications and while they failed and how they should proceed to communicate so miscommunication can be avoided. This type strategy also make us all realize that both men and women may have different ways to communicate, whether it is verbally or non-verbally, and look for similarities tha t may be used to help in communicating. It is important in this type strategy to understand that our genders will communicate differently and how we can communicate in the future so less miscommunication will occur. As stated â€Å"A limited amount of information about the sexes and listening behavior exists, but a few key sources agree on a major difference in how men and women listen. It’s not that members of one sex don’t listen as well as the other, but the sexes tend to listen for different purposes.† (Ivy Backland, 2008, Ch.5) The effective strategy above is not the only strategy that is available, to use when having issues in effective communication between genders. Other good ways to effectively communicate include more contact, relationship negations, social support and assistance, increased rewards, and directional definitional. Each strategy can help keep in keeping miscommunication to a minimal, but it should be realized sometimes it not going to work. Even with many different effective strategies to become more effective at communicating, they’re no set strategy that will work best with any communication and situation, and the strategy required can vary to allow for more effective communication. It not uncommon to look at the best solution to answer and with communication the same rule does apply, but it may not work in a communication situation. Conclusion Each gender will communicate differently and it is important that we do understand that sometimes the way we communicate from gender stereotypes and it may not work with the opposite gender. With the many communication styles used by both men and women, and with many of them being similar and different in non-verbal or verbal communication. With women typically using relationships, and men using a more direct approach, both men and women will have miscommunications as they are not realizing the differences in their communication styles. Throughout this paper it has pointed out the various communication styles used by genders and help explain why miscommunication occur who we may avoid them in the future by using various strategies, and learn how each gender may communicate. With many strategies to help with avoid miscommunication it is important to realize that their no guarantee the strategies discussed will avoid the miscommunication completely as sometimes our subconscious may cau se the miscommunication which we will not realize. References Sapiro, V (2002). Women in American Society. An Introduction to Women’s Studies (5th ed.). Manhattan, NY: McGraw-Hill. Ivy, D.K. Backlund, P. (2008). Gender Speak: Personal effectiveness in gender communications (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson: Allyn Bacon Rawluszko, M. (2009). Communication in the conditions of diversity. Kobieta, Biznes, (1-4),53-56. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/230449979?accountid=458 Gore, J. S. (2009). The interaction of sex, verbal, and nonverbal cues in same-sex first encounters. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33(4), 279-299. doi:10.1007/s10919-009-00741

Comparative Analysis of Rank Techniques

Comparative Analysis of Rank Techniques Abstract There is paramount web data available in the form of web pages on the World Wide Web (WWW). So whenever a user makes a query, a lot of search results having different web links corresponding to a user’s query are generated. Out of which only some are relevant while the rest are irrelevant. The relevancy of a web page is calculated by search engines using page ranking algorithms. Most of the page ranking algorithm use web structure mining and web content mining to calculate the relevancy of a web page. Most of the ranking algorithms which are given in the literature are either link or content oriented which do not consider user usage trends. The Algorithm called Page Rank Algorithm was introduced by Google in beginning. It was considered a standard page rank because as no other algorithm of page rank was in existence. Later extensions of page rank algorithm were incorporated along with different variations like considering weights as well as visits of links. This paper presents the comparison among original page rank algorithm as well as its various variations. Keywords: inlinks, outlinks, search engine, web mining, World Wide Web (WWW), PageRank, Weighted page rank, VOL I. Introduction World Wide Web is a vast resource of hyperlinked and a variety of information including text, image, audio, video and metadata. It is anticipated that WWW has expanded by about 2000% since its progression and is doubling in magnitude with a gap of six to ten months. With the swift expansion of information on the WWW and mounting requirements of users, it is becoming complicated to manage web information and comply with the user needs. So users have to employ some information retrieval techniques to find, extract, filter and order the desired information. The technique used filters the web page according to query generated by the user and create an index. This indexing is related to the rank of web page. Lower the index value, higher will be the rank of the web page. 1. Data Mining over Web 1.1 Web Mining Data mining, which facilitates the knowledge discovery from large data sets by extracting potentially new useful patterns in the form of human understandable knowledge and structuring the same, can also be applied over the web. The application being named Web Mining thus becomes a technique for extracting useful information from a large, unstructured, heterogeneous data store. Web mining is quite a immense area with dozens of developments and technological enhancements. 1.2. Web Mining Categories According to literature, there are three categories of web mining: Web Content Mining (WCM), Web Structure Mining (WSM) and Web Usage Mining (WUM) WCM includes the web page information. In it, the actual content pages whether semi structured hypertext or multimedia information are used for searching purposes. WSM uses the central part linkage that flows through the entire web. The linkage of web content is called hyperlink. This hyperlinked structure is used for ranking the retrieved web pages on the basis of query generated by the user. WUM returns the dynamic results with respect to users’ navigation. This methodology uses the server logs ( the logs that are created during user navigation via searching. WUM is also called as Web Log Mining because it extracts knowledge from usage logs. 1.2 Page Rank Algorithm (By Google) This is the original PageRank algorithm. It was postulated by Lawrence Page and Sergey Brin. The formula is: where is the PageRank of page A is the PageRank of pages Ti which link to page A is the number of outbound links on page Ti d is a damping factor having value between 0 and 1. The PageRank algorithm is used to determine the rank of a web page individually. This algorithm is not meant to rank a web site. Moreover, the PageRank of a page say A, is recursively defined by the PageRanks of those pages which link to page A. The PageRank of pages which link to page A does not influence the PageRank of page A consistently. In PageRank algorithm, the PageRank of a page T is always weighted by the number of outbound links C(T) on page T. It means, more outbound links a page T has, the less will page A benefit from a link to it on page T. The weighted PageRank of pages Ti is then added up. But an additional inbound link for page A will always increase page As PageRank. In the end, the sum of the weighted PageRanks of all pages is multiplied with a damping factor d which can be set between 0 and 1. Thus, the extend of PageRank benefit for a page by another page linking to it is reduced. They deem PageRank as a genre of user behaviour, where a surfer clicks on links at random irrespective of content. The random surfer visits a web page with a certain probability which is solely given by the number of links on that page. Thus, one pages PageRank is not completely passed on to a page it links to, but is divided by the number of links on the page. So, the probability for the random surfer reaching one page is the sum of probabilities for the random surfer following links to this page. Now, this probability is diminish by the damping factor d. Sometimes, user doesnot move straight to the links of a page, instead the user jumps to some other page randomly. This probability for the random surfer is calculated by the damping factor d (also called as degree of probability having value between 0 and 1). Regardless of inbound links, the probability for the random surfer jumping to a page is always (1-d), so a page has always a minimum PageRank. A revised version of the PageRank Algorithm is given by Lawrence Page and Sergey Brin. In this algorithm, the PageRank of page A is given as where N is the total number of all pages on the web. This revised version of the algorithm is basically equivalent the original one. Regarding the Random Surfer Model, this version is the actual probability for a surfer reaching that page after clicking on many links. The sum of all page ranks of all pages will be one by calculating the probability distribution of all web pages. But, these versions of the algorithm do not differ fundamentally from each other. A PageRank which has been calculated by using the second version of the algorithm has to be multiplied by the total number of web pages to get the according PageRank that would have been calculated by using the first version. 1.3 Dangling Nodes A node is called a dangling node if it does not contain any out-going link, i.e., if the out-degree is zero. The hypothetical web graph taken in this paper is having a dangling node i.e. Node D. II Research background Brin and Page (Algorithm: Google Page Rank) The authors came up with an idea to use link structure of the web to calculate rank of web pages. This algorithm is used by Google based on the results produced by keyword based search. It works on the principle that if a web page has significant links towards it, then the links of this page to other pages are also considered imperative. Thus, it depends on the backlinks to calculate the rank of web pages. The page rank is calculated by the formula given in equation 1. (1) Where u represents a web page and represents the page rank of web pages u and v respectively is the set of web pages pointing to u represents the total numbers of outlinks of web page v and c is a factor used for normalization Original PageRank algorithm was modified considering that all users donot follow direct links on web data. Thus, the modified formula for calculating page rank is given in equation 2. (2) Where d is a dampening factor which represent the probability of user using direct links and it can be set between 0 and 1. Wenpu Xing and Ali Ghorbani (Algorithm: Weighted Page Rank) The authors gave this method by extending standard PageRank. It works on the theory that if a page is vital, it has many inlinks and outlinks. Unlike standard PageRank, it does not equally distribute the page rank of a page among its outgoing linked pages. The page rank of a web page is divided among its outgoing linked pages in proportional to the importance or popularity (its number of inlinks and outlinks). , the popularity from the number of inlinks, is calculated based on the number of inlinks of page u and the number of inlinks of all reference pages of page v as given in equation 3. (3) Where and are the number of inlinks of page u and p respectively represents the set of web pages pointed by v. , the popularity from the number of outlinks, is calculated based on the number of outlinks of page u and the number of outlinks of all reference pages of page v as given in equation. 4. (4) Where and are the number of outlinks of page u and p respectively represents the set of web pages pointed by v. The page rank using Weighted PageRank algorithm is calculated by the formula as given in equation 5. (5) Gyanendra Kumar et. al. (Algorithm : Page Rank with Visits of Links (VOL)) This methodology includes the browsing behavior of the user. The prior algorithms were either based on WSM or WCM. But it incluses Page Ranking based on Visits of Links (VOL). It modifies the basic page ranking algorithm by considering the number of visits of inbound links of web pages. It assists to prioritize the web pages on the basis of user’s browsing behavior. Also, the rank values are assigned in proportional to the number of visits of links in this algorithm. The more rank value is assigned to the link which is most visited by user. The Page Ranking based on Visits of Links (VOL) can be calculated by the formula given in equation 6. (6) Where and represent page rank of web pages u and v respectively d is dampening factor B(u) is the set of web pages pointing to u Lu is number of visits of links pointing from v to u TL(v) is the total number of visits of all links from v. Neelam Tyagi and Simple Sharma (Algorithm: Weighted Page Rank Algorithm Based on Number of Visits of Links of Web Page) The authors incorporate Weighted PageRank algorithm and the number of visits of links (VOL). This algorithm consigns more rank to the outgoing links having high VOL. It is based on the inlink popularity ignoring the outlink popularity. In this algorithm, number of visits of inbound links of web pages are taken into consideration in addition the weights of page. The rank of web page using this algorithm can be calculated as given in equation 7. (7) Where represent page rank of web page u and v respectively d is the dampening factor B(u) is the set of web pages pointing to u Lu is number of visits of links pointing from v to u is the total number of visits of all links from v represents the popularity from the number of inlinks of u. Sonal Tuteja (Algorithm: Enhancement in Weighted Page Rank Using Visits of Link (VOL)) The author incorporated i.e. the weight of link(v,u) and calculated based on the number of visits of inlinks of page u. the popularity from the number of visits of outlinks are used to calculate the value of page rank. is the weight of link(v, u) which is calculated based on the number of visits of inlinks of page u and the number of visits of inlinks of all reference pages of page v as given in equation 8. (8) Where and represents the incoming visits of links of page u and p respectively R(v) represents the set of reference pages of page v. is the weight of link(v, u) which is calculated based on the number of visits of outlinks of page u and the number of visits of outlinks of all reference pages of page v as given in equation 9. (9) Where and represents the outgoing visits of links of page u and v respectively R(v) represents the set of reference pages of page v. Now these values are used to calculate page rank using equation (10) (10) Where d is a dampening factor B(u) is the set of pages that point to u WPRVOL (u) and WPRVOL(v) are the rank scores of page u and v respectively represents the popularity from the number of visits of inlinks represents the popularity from the number of visits of outlinks III Numerical analysis of various page rank algorithms To demonstrate the working of page rank, consider a hypothetical web structure as shown below: Figure showing a web graph having three web pages i.e. A, B, C, D Page Rank (By Brin Page) Using equation 2, the ranks for pages A, B, C are calculated as follows: (1) (2) (3) (4) Having value d=0.25, 0.5, 0.85, the page ranks of pages A, B and C become: Dampening Factor PR(A) PR(B) PR(C) PR(D) 0.25 0.9 0.975 1.22 0.99 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.35 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.829 1.53 0.357 From the results, it is concluded that PR(C)> PR(D)> PR(B)> PR(A) 2. Iterative Method of Page Rank It is easy to solve the equation system, to determine page rank values, for a small set of pages, but the web consists of billions of documents and it is not possible to find a solution by inspection method. In iterative calculation, each page is assigned a starting page rank value of 1 as shown in table 1 below. These rank values are iteratively substituted in page rank equations to find the final values. In general, many iterations could be followed to normalize the page ranks. d=0.25 d=0.5 d=0.85 Iteration PR(A) PR(B) PR(C) PR(D) PR(A) PR(B) PR(C) PR(D) PR(A) PR(B) PR(C) PR(D) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.25 1 1 1 1.5 1 1 0.5 1.425 0.575 2 0.875 0.97 1.21 0.99 0.875 0.94 1.44 0.97 0.75 0.788 1.46 0.82 3 0.90 0.975 1.22 0.99 0.86 0.93 1.4 0.965 0.77 0.80 1.48 0.83 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. From the results, it is concluded that PR(C)> PR(D)> PR(B)> PR(A) 3. Page Rank with Visits of Links (VOL) (Gyanendra Kumar) Using equation 6, the ranks for pages A, B, C are calculated as follows: (A)=(1-d)+d((1) (B)=(1-d)+d((2) (C)=(1-d)+d(+(3) (D)=(1-d)+d((4) The intermediate values can be calculated as: Similarly other values after calculation are: 2/3 Having value d=0.25,0.5, 0.85 the page ranks of pages A, B and C become: Dampening Factor PR(A) PR(B) PR(C) PR(D) 0.25 0.83 0.82 1.23 0.818 0.5 0.635 0.606 0.808 0.6 0.85 0.2478 0.22 0.3449 0.1123 From the results, it is concluded that PR(C)> PR(A)> PR(B)> PR(D) 4. Weighted Page Rank (Wenpu Xing and Ali Ghorbani) Using equation 3, the ranks for pages A, B, C are calculated as follows: (C,A).(1) (2) (3) (4) The weights of incoming as well as well as outgoing links can be calculated as: (C,A)= IA/IA+IC = 1/ 1+2 = 1/3 =OA/OA=1 Having value d=0.5, the page ranks of pages A, B and C become: Dampening Factor PR(A) PR(B) PR(C) PR(D) 0.25 0.8526 0.8210 1.2315 0.75 0.5 0.7059 0.6176 1.235 0.5 0.85 0.3380 0.2458 0.6636 0.15 From the results, it is concluded that PR(C)> PR(A)> PR(B)> PR(D) 5. Weighted Page Rank Based on Visits of Link (VOL) (Neelam Tyagi and Simple Sharma) Using equation 7, the ranks for pages A, B, C are calculated as follows: )(1) )(2) (3) (4) The weights of incoming, number of visits of link as well as total number of visits of all links can be calculated as Having value d=0.25, 0.5 0.85, the page ranks of pages A, B and C become: Dampening Factor PR(A) PR(B) PR(C) PR(D) 0.25 0.8061 0.7836 1.015 0.8153 0.5 05981 0.5498 0.8825 0.5916 0.85 0.1734 0.1735 0.3469 0.1994 From the results, it is concluded that PR(C)> PR(D)> PR(A)> PR(B) 5. Enhancement in Weighted Page Rank Using Visits of Link (VOL) (Sonal Tuteja) Using equation 10, the ranks for pages A, B, C are calculated as follows: (1) (2) (3) Intermediate values can be calculated as follows: =IA/IA=1 =OA/OA=1 Having value d=0.25, 0.5, 0.85 the page ranks of pages A, B and C become: Dampening Factor PR(A) PR(B) PR(C) PR(D) 0.25 0.7226 0.7951 1.029 0.75 0.5 0.9557 0.6195 0.9115 0.5 0.85 1.911 0.5561 1.116 0.15 From the results, it is concluded that PR(C)> PR(B)> PR(D)> PR(A) Comparison chart of various Ranking Algorithms Algorithm Page Rank Page Rank with VOL Weighted Page rank WPRV EWPRV